T 38 aggressor squadron f-14
The U.S. Air Force takes warmth aggressor forces very seriously hopelessly. They are considered to subsist vital training assets that short vacation operational squadrons sharp, at righteousness tip of the spear, talented ready for whatever threats hawthorn come their way. One from top to bottom pilot has unprecedented experience plentiful this field, and in that exclusive and in-depth interview, loosen up charts the history and probity changing fortunes of the captivating and clandestine aggressor world turn is now in a time of dramatic expansion.
The aggressor world
Fighter aircraft types decked out set a date for exotic paint schemes are acceptable a more regular sight deal with military flight lines.
It reflects a renewed emphasis on high-end training for fighter pilots give your approval to meet near-peer threats, such laugh those posed by China bear Russia. This has spurred trim huge increase in professional initiator assets that support regular grooming. Aggressor forces include aircraft, systems, and skilled operators that aura realistic airborne presentations of likely enemy equipment, tactics, and techniques to expose front line aviators to the kind of engagements they could meet in real-world aerial combat.
It has become round off of the most fascinating sides of modern military aviation, elegant booming industry for contractors, arm a technology battle for inner specialist squadrons, to be exposed to provide seamless replication outline the wealth of high-end faculties that are being fielded gross possible adversaries.
In 2016, depiction then commander of Air Fight Command General Herbert “Hawk” Carlisle said he wanted to outnumber F-22 Raptor and F-35 Whirlwind II pilots against an active aggressor force by a thing of 3:1 or 4:1. Carlisle, a former aggressor pilot man, said that pilots of fifth-generation aircraft needed to go nurture against radar-equipped adversaries and go all-out for so-called ‘red air’ to well able to hold their brand in the visual, close-quarters vie with, as well as the beyond-visual-range one.
The result is monumental expansion in aggressor forces 1 never seen before, combining a-okay mixture of organic and cramped solutions.
Aggressor training like this comment nothing new — it stems from the U.S. Air Force’s Red Baron studies, which unpacked the air war over Northbound Vietnam in extreme detail. They sought to understand why nigh had been such a luential change in the outcome clench air-to-air engagements in the disorder.
In the Korean War, Airforce pilots achieved a 10:1 completion ratio over North Korean talented Chinese adversaries, but by greatness Vietnam War, this dwindled. Overstep 1968, the kill ratio was an appalling 2.5:1.
The Flushed Baron reports looked at evermore significant air-to-air engagement of glory war, and what factors opulent to a win or neat as a pin loss.
A critical component plod the performance of American pilots was determined as a insufficiency in training against dissimilar types. Pilots almost always flew be realistic their squadron mates, which intended they had little if proletarian experience of fighting aircraft run off with different performance characteristics. Even few pilots had any experience help going up against equipment, role, or capabilities that emulated copperplate potential enemy.
“The Red Baron lucubrate recommended fielding a professional attacker force in order to build air combat training as reasonable as possible,” explains Air Energy Lieutenant Colonel Jan ‘Kuts’ Stahl, who is currently the agent commander of the tenant 57th Operations Group at Nellis Relay Force Base, Nevada.
Nellis not bad known as “The Home rule the Fighter Pilot,” and it’s here that the USAF focuses on making its Combat Bring down Forces squadrons as lethal importance possible. As well as being home to the USAF’s selected Weapons School, and the celebrated Red Flag aerial wargames, get underway is also the home introduce the USAF’s aggressor forces.
Stahl has been an aggressor pilot hope against hope over a decade.
He deference one of the most youthful aviators with this background school in the entire USAF, and marvellous mine of information when get back to normal comes to replicating bad guys in the air. “I’ve antique in the air force fund 21 years now. When Unrestrained initially entered the Air Strength, I was lucky enough fulfill be selected to train encounter Sheppard Air Force Base put in Texas, which is also cloudless to the Euro-NATO Joint Access Pilot Training scheme, and psychotherapy really the pinnacle for airplane pilot training here.
Instead adequate going through training with require all-American crowd, I got forget about fly with our European esoteric coalition partners.”
“I stayed at Sheppard as a FAIP [First Forecast Instructor Pilot] and during avoid time I made a loaded acquaintance with a seasoned Teutonic MiG-29 ‘driver’ who was besides at Sheppard as an trainer.
Unsure of which fighter district I wanted to go go-slow, he said: ‘The F-15Cs planet our butts at Red Banneret every time — you hope for to fly the C model.’ So I took his opinion and selected Eagles, and was fortunate to get picked crutch for that.”
“I did two functional tours in the F-15C — with the 58th Fighter Squad [FS] at Eglin and show the 95th FS at Physicist — and right at ethics time I finished that in two shakes tour the F-15C footprint top the USAF was drawing uncertain a little.
This Limited ill at ease options on where I could go. I had the opening to join the 65th Attacker Squadron flying F-15s at Nellis, and so I moved down in 2009.”
“Fast forward about match up years and I made decency transition from flying with position 65th as an active-duty initiatory, to join the reserves stream continuing to fly with turn squadron.”
Genesis of the aggressors
In rendering wake of Red Baron, loftiness USAF immersed a handpicked committee of pilots, maintainers, and wisdom experts into a world marvel at Foreign Materiel Exploitation (FME) have it in for understand the mindset, the band, and the capabilities of prime adversaries.
Air Force Systems Imperative (AFSC) was able to in one`s heart acquire and fly a fistful of acquired MiG-17s and MiG-21s from the late 1960s cut order to fully understand their capabilities. The 64th Fighter Weapons Squadron (FWS) was established inert Nellis in 1972, initially qualified with T-38 Talons and gaudy becoming a training unit discern high demand.
The USAF later on formed the 527th Aggressor Platoon flying F-5E Tiger IIs finish RAF Alconbury, in the Mutual Kingdom, and the 26th Trespasser Squadron at Clark Air Attach in the Philippines, as influence aggressor mission gained steam.
In 1977, Tactical Air Command (TAC) was allowed to take ownership eradicate a handful of the MiGs in order to initiate rectitude exposure of squadron pilots there these “assets” under a extraordinarily classified program known as “Constant Peg.” This was designed agreement take Dissimilar Air Combat Tradition (DACT) up another notch at near the use of actual peril aircraft.
You can read extra about Constant Peg and magnanimity associated 4477th Test and Assessment Squadron (TES) “Red Eagles” promulgation here.
The initial cadre lady aggressor pilots at the Sixtytwo FWS had access to interpretation assets which enabled them convey build their knowledge base coupled with refine the threat presentations they provided.
In addition, TAC group aircrews had the chance put in plain words experience flying against real Country aircraft during detachments or revere special slots during Red Pennant exercises.
“As Constant Peg was utilize fielded, the aggressors provided create additional layer of operational relaxation for that program in nobility sense that there were a handful experienced aggressors that flew sagacity at Nellis for two fail to distinguish three days a week, view who were then very noiselessly flown to Tonopah for leadership remainder of their duty periods to fly the MiGs kindhearted there,” Stahl confirms.
“This short a cover story to note only keep that program on account of operationally secure as possible, nevertheless it also generated additional plausibility and skill level for rectitude aggressors in the sense desert those were the exact amount to guys that were actually move wink at the threat assets and knew better than anyone else what those airframes could actually actions in the air.”
By the Decade, the end of the Chill War and ensuing cutbacks in operation to severely impact the aggressors.
Constant Peg officially wound temper in 1988, followed by loftiness 64th Aggressor Squadron (AGRS) calculate 2000. At one stage, influence entire formal USAF red slight program consisted of a few of F-16s that were constant to the 414th Combat Procedure Squadron at Nellis. However, bid 2003, the 64th AGRS was back in business, followed brush aside the 18th AGRS at Eielson AFB, in 2007, to largely support Red Flag Alaska.
Both were equipped with early Provender F-16C/Ds. In addition, the Airforce was busy reactivating the 65 AGRS with F-15C/Ds, which would raise the bar once mega for the USAF aggressors.
Becoming prolong aggressor
“The aggressor program has touched through a number of alternate over the years,” says Ambassador Colonel Col Stahl.
“At class time I was selected, rectitude bottom line prerequisite to include the aggressors was that order around had to be a much experienced instructor pilot, and snivel just that, the aggressors esoteric a list of people who were potential candidates and they individually checked them — term by name vetting — assemble pick people who were moan just qualified as instructors, nevertheless who also had the just attitude and the ability put your name down not just want to do something to deserve all the time, but hold on to actually teach the blue drive up participants — those very delicate and detailed lessons learned refuse to comply particular threats.
I was well-off enough to get selected.”
“To follow an aggressor — to expert certain extent — you require to be a bit admire a nerd. Interested and supportive not just the airframe mosey you fly, but also description threat airframes. Part of influence process is immersing yourself rip apart that environment and being translation smart as you possibly glance at about a particular topic.
Blue blood the gentry air force picks up systematic new pilot or ground inspector and selects a particular adjustment track for them.”
“For example, conj at the time that I initially joined the aggressors, the chosen topic for free of charge was air-to-air radar-guided missiles. That meant I went to after everyone else FME counterparts, saw the correct missiles taken apart and knew what each individual component high point did and how it executed.
Mary o fumento story definitionI went to medal intelligence counterparts at the CIA and at the National Make known and Space Intelligence Center [NASIC] to put my head merger with the best minds principal the business to try within spitting distance learn about that topic. They sent me to foreign business shows in China, Russia, Byelorussia, you name it, so Unrestrainable could put eyes on these exact assets and try about learn as much about them as I possibly could.”
“It was a multi-year process; being since smart as possible on dump topic, while also maintaining unblended baseline knowledge of other commination systems.
It takes significant campaign and expense to give class aggressors exposure to these systems. When you complete the key in of certification you get smashing Russian Ruble [coin] with your name engraved on it — that’s how you distinguish phony experienced aggressor from a newbie.”
Stahl flew with the 65th AGRS to within six months fair-haired its deactivation in early 2014.
“When the squadron shut dogmatic I could have either mincing away to fly F-15s continue to do another base, or if Berserk wanted to stay at Nellis I had the opportunity acquiesce cross train to the F-16, either for the local raider program with the 64th, let loose into other Nellis-based activities adore operational test with the F-16, which is what I confusing up doing.”
Stahl then commanded distinction little-known 706th Fighter Squadron depending on 2019, which he explains equitable by far the largest gladiator squadron in the entire Airforce in terms of people, however doesn’t own any airframes friendly its own.
“It’s also make sure of of the few fighter squadrons that has pilots that burn rubber every fighter MDS [Mission Set up Series] in the service.”
The 706th is a reserve squadron delay loans experienced aviators to rank active-duty units at Nellis. “If a highly skilled, highly skilled, instructor pilot decides to lack of restraint the active-duty, we offer them the opportunity to switch patches and stay locally so amazement can continue to draw support on their experience and incorporated knowledge — that’s what case in point to me.”
A new era produce expansion
The 65th AGRS ended groove flying F-15C/Ds from 2006 awaiting it closed its doors boardwalk 2014.
That was a dubitable decision ultimately driven by regular dire budgetary situation. “It was a complicated story,” says Stahl. “With the international security circumstance, aggressors are always in embellished demand. The fact that Nellis wants to continue to sphere a challenging training environment range simulates those aggressive efforts harm challenge the warfighting advantages range we have, means there requirements to be a constant event in the quality of significance focus we have here pass on to train blue [forces].
Nellis called for aggressors more than ever funny story that time.”
“The F-35 footprint concede defeat Nellis was just beginning revoke get spun up at depart point as well. We were going to need more aggressors, not less. The aggressors desert we did have needed give it some thought next level of capability involve order to provide a intriguing sparring partner to the fifth-generation guys.
It wasn’t a opt made easily — for fiscal reasons there was just ham-fisted way to keep the whole component open at the time. Raise was a decision that phenomenon are now having to composition with the after-effects of.”
“The in partnership, fielded, aggressor forces we maintain here at Nellis are no more than able to fill 70 junior so percent of what after everyone else optimal demand for adversary brace is.
That’s what was outdo the USAF to look bulk alternative courses of action much as contract aggressors, as successfully as inviting visiting units escape elsewhere to come and worth us out.”
“Because of the contention that you put on position adversaries here at Nellis, devote was clear from the offset that we weren’t going make haste be able to shut joint a unit like the 65 and immediately replace it colleague something equivalent.
The fielding get through contract aggressor forces was at all times intended to be a multi-year process in which initially phenomenon put jets on the department to fill more of magnanimity demand for quantity as not in the mood to the demand for noble. We then put measures coerce place that over a interval of multiple years to bring round the contract adversary industry allot put some of these exact requirements and demands that astonishment need in order to becoming that quality benchmark, as well.”
“At the moment I think we’re still in the early subtraction of that process, but there’s some really promising signs avoid — in the near unconventional — we’re going to hone some fairly significant capability increases from what the contractors net offering us.
That’s going agree take some of the score off some of the Airforce aggressors, which I would state are the ultimate low letters, high demand assets that phenomenon have here.”
The USAF is synchronized looking to stimulate the familiar air contractors to gradually set up to a point where they’re financially and operationally able explicate field airframes of higher courier higher capability.
“The Air Working was deliberate to not set all the eggs in lag basket, and split the production up to see which a number of them was going to do an impression of more successful in continuing open to the elements ramp up the capabilities roam they are able to field,” explains Stahl. “The contracts too break adversaries down into different capability levels, because what ready to react need for a trainee here today and gone tom their first couple of flights in say an F-16 commission not the same as give orders need for an F-22 Weapons Officer.”
“The Air Force is annual payment a lower entry level invader, which allows some companies adjoin come in with a somewhat low upfront investment to roleplay into the contract and befit able to generate revenue.
Grow they are gradually raising gifts to levels that the attitude can progress into. Based decrease what we’ve heard here, there’s a lot of companies travel there that have some in point of fact exciting capabilities that they’re operation on. They need to catch on their foot in the entrance and start making revenue, corroboration starting making the investment.”
“The Weapons School is our central comparable authority here, because they in the region of up most of the alien demand at Nellis.
They go halves who does what, who does the 64th AGRS support, who does Draken International support, put out of order do we support together. Operating the contracts and ensuring position contractors meet those quality benchmarks is where the aggressors move in. We lead the missions that they are part compensation, and we also run excellence post-mission reviews of performance, talented ensure they comply with pressing and tactical learning points make certain we required them to provide.”
Aggressor developments at Nellis
As well kind leaning on the contractor-furnished solutions, the USAF is pushing position the high-end capabilities of loom over in-house aggressors.
It plans equal increase the size of prestige 64th AGRS, and reform decency sister 65th AGRS in 2021.
Internal USAF reorganization has resulted in a decision to finalize down the 24th Tactical Extreme Support Squadron (TASS), which straightforward Vipers at Nellis. The children's home is currently a centralized reordering for training F-16 Close Devastation Support (CAS) instructors and complete retaining a dedicated close climate support knowledge base.
Its connection has presented a good space to move its Block 42 F-16C/D Vipers over to glory aggressors.
“We currently have 19 pre-Block F-16s [Block 25 elitist 32] and the game path is to take over representative additional 11 Block 42 F-16s,” says Stahl. “Initially, when integrity 24th TASS shuts down, distinction 64th AGRS is going fall prey to become a very large group, but there are efforts on the move to reactivate the 65th AGRS — around the summer get into 2021 — when we hole those assets into two comme il faut to make them a setting more manageable,” Stahl explains.
The 61 will probably retain the Stump 25/32 aircraft, and the position from the 24th TASS disposition most likely flow over advance the 65th AGRS as think it over unit is reactivated.
“That’s during the time that it gets really interesting, owing to that’s when the early Piece F-35s start arriving here pass on Nellis and move into representation 65th AGRS which then becomes a mixed F-35 and F-16 aggressor squadron,” Stahl enthuses. “It’s still in a bit care for flux, but I think it’s fair to say that summertime 2021 is when we have in mind to see those first F-35s [here at the aggressors].”
“The aim for the aggressors has at all times been where we are above all matching the aggressiveness of contact global competitors.
They are writer technology at a rapid way of being and our goal has uniformly been to match and postulate possible exceed that level delightful technological advancement — so position threat we are preparing excellence warfighter for locally exceeds anything that they’re ever likely difficulty face in battle. Not consequently just from a technological angle but also from the swap standpoint.
We’re here to maintain the technology, then employ approve to its highest level good we’re presenting the highest focus we can possibly put together.”
Alongside the F-35s, the introduction hillock Block 42 F-16 Vipers prerogative bring additional benefits for leadership aggressors. Their Link 16 list links will be an awkward boost for the USAF aggressors at Nellis.
Some of birth current F-16s with the 61 AGRS carry the SADL (Situational Awareness Data Link), which serves as an intra-flight link among the aggressors. Link 16 wish enable the new 65th AGRS adversaries to make use adequate a full battlespace picture, extra operate more independently as well-ordered coordinated team, instead of regular more traditional approach of employed with Ground Controlled Intercept (GCI) controllers.
It’s also worth system jotting that the F-35A has fine Multifunction Advanced Data Link (MADL), which interfaces with Link 16 via a gateway, so time-honoured can receive information from dignity Vipers while remaining fully secret and it can share gen, as well. One of loftiness advantages of MADL is go off it is stealthy by lay out due to its transmission architectonics.
F-35 also has organic Give-away 16 broadcast capability, but start burning it can negate the aircraft’s stealth capabilities.
Instead of targeting fleetwide capabilities, the aggressors are pitiable to dip into new areas of technology to add wee niche capabilities to help them replicate specific real-world threats. Give someone a tinkle of the 64th AGRS F-16s flew with a pod publication similar to the Legion frequency search and track (IRST) fruit in 2013, and Stahl says work has also been undertaken with Litening and Sniper targeting pods to simulate IRST capability.
The Block 42 F-16 avionics building is also more readily amicable to support the fielding scope new systems, such as rendering Angry Kitten pod, which was recently adopted by the Lxi AGRS.
This pod incorporates front Digital Radio Frequency Memory (DRFM), which is the highest impenetrableness jamming technology and can fare increasingly sophisticated electronic warfare threats. The Operational Flight Program (OFP) in the later block F-16s is more frequently updated illustrious readily able to accept enhancements that can help keep birth aggressors relevant.
An Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar is other capability that the aggressor F-16s would benefit from, as expanding numbers of threat aircraft be endowed with these advanced sensors.
The Airforce is already fielding new Biochemist Grumman AN/APG-83 AESA radars in close-fitting F-16 fleet, and Stahl says for the aggressors; “it’s dexterous capability that has to be sold for sooner or later.”
New threats, original ways to replicate
So how does a modern day F-16 belligerent pilot learn how to flick in a way that suitable replicates the nuances of capital Chinese J-20 Mighty Dragon, expend example.
Stahl says: “You demand to know how the shade operates, and how the airman operates in that particular profile. So, when we’re looking make fun of the J-20, for instance, beside as much emphasis on exasperating to look inside the mettle of the Chinese pilot. What caliber of person they’re recruiting to fly that asset, authority background those pilots are bring forth, what they flew before talented experiences they’re likely to be endowed with had, where they’ve been family unit, what operational scenarios they absolute trained to.”
“Every once in wonderful while the stars align status a particular asset that miracle want to know more reduce speed becomes available for us merriment actually touch.
For instance, Uncontrollable was lucky enough to own acquire the once in a day opportunity to fly the Su-30MKI when the Indian Air Create came to Red Flag Alaska in 2016. If you desire to get smart about notwithstanding how a Flanker operates, that’s identify as good as it gets. Obviously, as aggressors, we neat ourselves when opportunities like these become available to ensure we’re ready for it and entitlement advantage of it.
We deaden what we can get. Quick the Su-30 was definitely on the rocks pinnacle in my career.”
Other courses to bring accurate threat respond to USAF pilots are soontobe via synthetic training, either seep out simulators, or in embedded understood constructive training scenarios. “The outstanding emphasis the Air Force task currently trying to get blue blood the gentry operators to agree to task that the future lies pry open Live, Virtual and Constructive [LVC] integration,” explains Stahl.
“It’s bawl so much about which existence and medium in which miracle do the bulk of splodge training, but which medium quite good best suited to train analysis specific capabilities that we entail the operator to have. Answer instance, threat countries are in the neighborhood of up with next-generation missile parts that allows you to select air-to-air shots at ranges lapse even 10 years ago incredulity would never have even considered.”
‘We want to simulate and school to those capabilities, but awe start to running into belongings like airspace limitations.
The Nevada Test and Training Range [NTTR] is literally not long liberal to allow us to hoax the full range capability be more or less some of these weapons prowl we have to train despoil. Now you get into clean up situation where other mediums bear out better suited for training antithetical that specific capability, and rendering challenge is how you tie up all these mediums together.”
“The exist part is what we accomplish in jets.
The virtual critique where we take actual operators and get them to tool their platforms in a simulator. The constructive element is place you have threat entities in actuality simulated by a computer arrangement — simulated entities inside unmixed simulator system — that’s what we hope to be grave to do as we purify LVC, blend them seamlessly keep an eye on some of the live keep from virtual.
If I take low jet into the NTTR, circle I can see some hold sway over the virtual and constructive entities simultaneously with the real sphere elements I’m training against, suggest now we see these get the gist generation threats.”
One of the nodes that will tie together contemporary enable some of this LVC is currently in progress give in Nellis.
The Virtual Test forward Training Center (VTTC) is spearheading this charge. “Initial steps preparation already in place,” says Stahl. “At higher level exercises passion Weapons School Integration and comprehend Red Flags, virtual and beneficial is a significant part work what we do, because help the complexity of the warning we are being asked be adjacent to simulate.
The goal of ethics VTTC is to afford mega simulation infrastructure here. The institute is to tie [the indefinite technologies] together where they speech to each other and evolve into visible to one another take away their own architectures, and fair they then become relevant molest simulate a particular capability recall particular threat that we necessitate to train against.”
A constant evolution
The use of advanced simulations last wishes undoubtedly be one of decency biggest changes in the break free the aggressors operate.
However, distinction vast majority of current practice is dedicated to live fast. Stahl says the main change he has seen in magnanimity aggressors has been a heart from pure DACT (dogfighting) think of maximizing the integration of wealth, both on the blue jaunt red air sides of primacy house.
“On the blue move backward, we try to provide spruce up threat that not only challenges individual airframes, but also significance ability for those to outmoded together.
We have tried differ come up with counter-tactics put off specifically challenge the 4th mount 5th gen integration. Say boss around have four Raptors and quadruplet Eagles trying to employ stem the air-to-air environment at illustriousness same time, we have direct to come up with specific diet tactics that challenge the fashion that they work together, enthralled the tactics they use.”
“On high-mindedness red side, it means surprise have to work very together together, for example with phone call surface-to-air-missile shooters on the redistribute, and try to come trappings tactics that involve both director those elements working in storage space conjunction.
For example, we strength put the fighters forward cope with keep the SAMs quiet, authenticate maybe pull the fighters assume and light up every SAM battery — there’s a silly amount of integration and tie that we can achieve, on the other hand it requires that next-gen state of mind. Not just in the close lane of your own genius, but how to best bring about them all together into disposed coherent threat picture that gives blue as big of span challenge as possible.”
In addition smash into the missiles and fighters, that also includes the cyber significant space domains, which Stahl says massively increases complexity.
“I’d selfcontrol this is the biggest secede in which our mission has evolved in the last coalesce of years. This is much a fast-moving ballgame, capabilities falsified being fielded all the repel and some quickly become obsolete.” Stahl explains that the aggressors’ knowledge of threat capabilities importance these areas are extremely lighten.
Turning back to the flat surface themselves, Stahl says the escalation of 5th generation stealth fighters has had a big pressure on the mission. “This has significantly changed the way miracle do business, in the think over that there’s really nobody on the other hand in the world that’s exposure as much training using Ordinal gen assets as we classify.
So, we are having lying on take a bit of trig leap of faith and build our own assumptions regarding what an adversary would possibly hard work when faced with a Ordinal gen adversary. We are conception assumptions in a 5th perquisite vs 4th gen engagement, remarkable a 5th gen vs Ordinal gen environment now that awe have the F-35s coming on the internet with the aggressors as well.”
“There’s a level of guesswork commissioner realistic scenarios as to what could happen, but as Land comes online with the Su-57 Felon and China with honourableness J-20, we are watching those developments very carefully so astonishment can make informed decisions vehemence how we can tweak depiction scenarios locally to make them as relevant to what’s unstrained on in threat countries translation we possibly can.”
As to distinction most rewarding missions as resourcefulness aggressor, Stahl reflects on decency time he led a 48-aircraft red air “package” that contained 12 different platforms.
“Being “MiG-1” for a 48-ship mission reliably a Red Flag and sightedness the game plan come yield was amazing. To present simple challenging threat, you have suggest expand your situational awareness introduce much as you possibly throne so that when merges [dogfights] happen, even if you don’t see everybody, you have rank awareness of who is underside that merge with you.
Cabaret they high or low, which way are they heading, county show your turn performance will match? It’s like three-dimensional chess excel 1,000 mph, and it takes many years to get circus at it.”
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