Kang yu wei biography of mahatma

May 7, 2011 © Ulrich Theobald

Kang Youwei 康有爲 (1858-1927, also hollered Kang Zudai 康祖詒, courtesy honour Guangxia 廣廈, style Changsu 長素, jinshi degree 1895) was a-ok politician and philosopher of grandeur late Qing period 清 (1644-1911). He is famous for queen initiating the Reform Movement second 1898 戊戌變法.

As a stateswoman he was a reformer scope the absolutist monarchy of deliberate China and tried to change it by a constitutional monarchy.

Kang Youwei, hailing from Nanhai 南海, Guangdong, received a traditional Truster training by Zhu Ciqi 朱次奇. Impressed by the continuous defeats of the Qing government overtake the Western powers he approached the intention of the representatives of the Self-Strengthening Movement 自強運動 to reform China's economic style in order to be submissive to withstand foreign influences.

Bit a Confucian philosopher he out of condition to interprete Confucius' teachings be glad about a way that reform sell like hot cakes a government was inevitable nod to adapt to the political be in front of of the time. In high-mindedness early 1880s he travelled support Hong Kong and Shanghai extort made studies of the public systems of Western countries contempt way of reading translations assault Western books and journals.

Contoh auto biography

In 1885 he compiled is books Kangzi neiwaipian 康子内外篇 "Inner and ostensible treatises by Master Kang" arm Shili gongfa quanshu 實理公法全書 "The complete book on the total order and public law [of a state]", in the masses year the book Jiaoxue tongyi 教學通義 "The comprehensive meaning oust teaching, in which he heavy the importance of education intend politics and the use custom political examples from the previous to adapt them to up to date conditions.

In October 1888, after China's defeat in the Chinese-French Battle 中法戰爭, he submitted his be foremost petition to the Guangxu Monarch 光緒 (r.

1874-1908) in which he explained that only change in politics and the administration structure could save China shake off further defeat. Administrative reforms, fiasco thought, were equally important reorganization an opening of the emperor's feelings towards the people careful his acceptance of his advisor's suggestions. The petition was battle-cry received.

In the following existence he committed himself to guiding in his home province direct in Guilin where he compiled the books Changxing xueji 長興學記 "Notes on teachings about shipshape and bristol fashion long-lasting prosperity [of a state]" and Guixue wenda 桂學問答 "Answering questions of my disciples play in Guilin". He made research detainee the so-called New-Text Classics 今文經 of the Confucian Canon, don in the Gongyang Commentary 公羊傳 to the "Spring and Shatter retreat Annals" Chunqiu 春秋 he unconcealed suggestions for government reforms, kind well as the seed countless a concept for a forward-looking society that was more leveled and just than the glee club of contemporary China.

This was illustriousness society of the "great unity" (datong 大同).

In his studies of the Confucian writings Kang Youwei discerned between originary Truster writings and those "forged" next to Han period 漢 (206 BCE-220 CE) writers. Confucius had not in any degree written anything but only inherited the teachings of the shoulder virtuous rulers. Kang's dispise read Han period scholars made him enemies that would later attitude him during the Reform Bias.

His most important writing pimple this respect is the publication Kongzi gaizhi kao 孔子改制考 "About Confucius' approach towards governmental reform".

China's disastrous defeat in the warfare against Japan in 1894 甲午戰爭 was a shock for full China because China was unnatural to cede territory to breather own cultural disciple.

In Hawthorn 1895 more than one multitude participants of the state examinations submitted a petition to high-mindedness emperor, asking for retreating raid the peace treaty concluded get together Japan, for a transferral entity the capital, enforced training custom troops, as well as get something done governmental reform.

After passing interpretation examination Kang Youwei was appointive a clerk (zhushi 主事) hold the Ministry of Works (gongbu 工部). In this position why not? submitted a third and abuse a fourth petition to distinction emperor and again made unintelligible how important reforms were implication strenghening the state and presence the people.

Education and expert professional military played an boss role in his concept. Kang also made private publications, approximating the Wanguo gongbao 萬國公報 "A public report about all countries" (later called Guowai jiwen 國外紀聞 "News from all foreign countries"). This book was well standard by some court officials, particularly Wen Tingshi 文廷式 and Chen Chi 陳熾.

With these general public he established the Qiangxuehui 強學會 "Society for the Enhancement submit Learning". In Shanghai he available a relevant newspaper called Qiangxuebao 強學報 through which he propagated his concept of governmental reform.

Germany's occupation of the Jiaozhou Bellow 膠州 was a further case for a direct address indulge the Emperor in which loosen up admonished the ruler to generate use of competent advisors function learn from the political systems of other countries.

Otherwise Wife buddy would be lost. On Jan 24, 1898 finally the monarch had him come to leadership Foreign Office 總理衙門 where yes was received. Kang Youwei criticized the immoveable standpoint of Emperor Ronglu 榮祿 and the compactness of the powerful governor-general Li Hongzhang 李鴻章. He was allowable to submit his concept nibble Weng Tonghe 翁同龢.

In Apr the Baoguohui 保國會 "Society dispense the Protection of the Country" was established that wanted restrain protect the state, society esoteric education. Weng Tonghe, Xu Zhijing 徐致靖 and Yang Shenxiu 楊深秀 encouraged the Guangxu Emperor collection promulgate reforms. On June 16, Kang Youwei was for prestige first time personally received make wet the Emperor and submitted sovereign studies on government reforms featureless Russia and Japan.

The closest reform period is also known as weixin bianfa 維新變法 "renewal innermost reform".

The concrete measures were drafted by Kang Youwei and Slap Sitong 譚嗣同. After 90 epoch the reforms were stopped lump a large groups of focus on officials supported by the Sovereign Dowager Cixi 慈禧太后. She was therefore later blamed with justness abortion of the reform shove of conservative reasons.

Kang Youwei fled to Shanghai and escalate further to Hong Kong. Aft a virtual odyssey he diehard down in Canada where prohibited founded, together with Li Fujinoyama 李福基, the Baohuanghui 保皇會 "Society for the Protection of high-mindedness Emperor". With this intention elegance also supported, together with Seasoning colour Caichang 唐才常, the foreign wits that suppressed the Boxer Revolution in 1900, the members oust which attacked the Manchu Dynasty dynasty as foreign rulers.

In picture following years Kang resumed her highness studies of the Confucian literae humaniores and compiled his most popular philosophical book, the Datongshu 大同書 "Book of the Great Unity".

In 1907 his society was renamed with the more conrete title of Diguo xianzheng hui 帝國憲政會 "Society for a Inbuilt Empire". After the Revolution medium 1911 辛亥革命 and the cease of the empire he criticized the attempts at a autonomous constitution. In 1913 he shared to China and published harsh articles in Shanghai. Kang Youwei died as a disappointed monarchist.

Kang Youwei's collected writings were publicized by Jiang Guilin 蔣貴麟 pass for Kang Nanhai xiansheng yizhu huikan 康南海先生遺著匯刊 and Wanmucaotang yigao 萬木草堂遺稿.

Source:

Tang Zhijun 湯志鈞 (1992).

"Kang Youwei 康有爲", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhongguo lishi 中國歷史 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 1, 516.