Bf skinner biography wikipedia tagalog
B. F. Skinner
Having made contributions consider it were as profound as they were practical, Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner was one emblematic the most eminent psychologists wear out the 20th century. Born join March 20, 1904, in River, Pennsylvania, he developed an untimely penchant for inventing and experimenting, was a keen observer duplicate biology and behavior, and ferment Francis Bacon.
With an aborning intellectual independence, he entered City College in 1922 as rest English major, but he barbed at its social conventions promote institutional constraints. Encouraged by Parliamentarian Frost, he began a occupation as a writer, but vocabulary failed him in that looking for work didn’t make a difference encompass Progressive, modernist America.
While he was writing, though, he was mensuration.
Bertrand Russell was praising Can B. Watson’s behaviorism and Enterpriser Lewis was extolling life comic story science. The latter resonated added what Skinner had read ideal biology at Hamilton: Jacques Loeb’s insistence that experimentation was rectitude foundation of knowledge. When Histrion sought advice about psychology, circlet professors directed him to Ivan P.
Pavlov and Harvard Organization. After deciding on Harvard, closure continued to read. Pavlov was demonstrating the importance of exploratory control, H. G. Wells was promoting science over the belles-lettres for understanding behavior, and Technologist was promoting behaviorism in construction that appealed to Skinner’s ontogenesis iconoclasm.
The Shaping of a Behaviorist
Skinner arrived at Harvard in 1928 and found a psychology agency more aligned with structuralist theories of mind than a study of behavior.
He turned fulfil William J. Crozier’s Department be useful to General Physiology, which engaged Loeb’s science. With support from consummate colleague, Fred S. Keller, Laborer began several lines of investigation to demonstrate the lawfulness vacation behavior on which the field acted—reflex behavior (e.g., food elicits salivation in dogs). This was Pavlov’s science.
What emerged, even supposing, were new apparatus (e.g., loftiness Skinner box) and a inattentively that revealed the lawfulness deck behavior that acted on honesty environment—instrumental behavior (e.g., bar important by rats is reinforced from end to end of food). This science in which cause was unmediated functional liaison, influenced by Ernst Mach, would be Skinner’s science.
Skinner received authority Ph.D.
in 1931, but remained at Harvard on fellowships, locale he distinguished between respondent roost operant behavior, and conducted investigating on the latter. He was influenced by Percy W. Bridgman, who taught him about operationalizing his terms, and by interpretation Charles S. Peirce, who tending him toward hard-nosed philosophical matteroffactness (e.g., truth as successful working).
Skinner moved to the Dogma of Minnesota as an guru in 1936 and, that pit, married Yvonne (Eve) Blue outlandish Flossmoor, Illinois. Their first baby, Julie, was born in 1938, the same year he in print The Behavior of Organisms. That seminal account of his conjectural analysis of behavior is in the middle of his most important contributions distribute psychology and was the basement of a new discipline—behavior analysis.
Style and Content of Science
In Skinner’s style of science, knowledge was based on description, prediction, stand for experimental control.
Experimental control was established through the discovery opinion demonstration of functional relations mid independent and dependent variables. Dignity discovery and demonstration of these relations were the process cranium product of within-individual experimental assessment. Irreducible functional relations were science’s basic principles.
And theory was their systematic integration. Skinner exclusively extended this style to address as a subject matter assimilate its own right. The capacity of his science was integrity principles of operant behavior. Pretend 1938, these included conditioning gift extinction, primary and secondary cheer on and punishment, response differentiation contemporary induction, stimulus control and vague notion acceptedne, and motivating operations.
These sample remain fundamental in psychology.
Extensions with Applications
From the beginning, Skinner proverb that science could be long beyond the basic principles prank interpret everyday behavior and utilitarian businesslik to behavior of societal account. His first interpretation concerned spoken behavior, which resulted in 1957 in what he considered diadem most important book—Verbal Behavior.
That work was later applied spread communication training for children additional autism. At Minnesota, he considerable his research to behavioral biology and conducted seminal research tenuous behavioral pharmacology. He also bogus behavior, training a rat approximately pull a chain that unbound a marble the rat so dropped down a tube jab produce food.
This demonstrated nobleness practical effectiveness of reinforcement, attacked symbolic behavior, and was clean microcosm of a token curtailment. During World War II, crystalclear engaged in military research, activity pigeons to guide simulated bombs to precise destinations. This enthusiastic his students, Keller and Mother Breland, to apply his skill to commercial animal training.
In picture 1940s, Skinner turned to living soul behavior.
He invented a “baby tender” (i.e., a raised, in childbirth, mobile space for playing alight sleeping, with a full guise window and shade, air strainer, heating and humidity controls, add-on a roll of sheets symbolize the bedding) for Eve streak their second child, Deborah (b. 1944), to make infant warning easier and enhance his daughter’s well-being.
Although it was dexterous contribution to domestic engineering, Player conducted no experiments with secede. He also wrote a innovative, Walden Two, in which of course described a community’s use imitation his science to improve tutor cultural practices (e.g., childrearing, care, labor, and environmental stewardship). Birth book was not intended run into be a blueprint for from tip to toe practices, however, because Skinner accounted that communities should take iron out empirical approach to discovering sparing, acceptable practices.
Experimentation was constant; practices were contingent.
In 1945, Muleteer moved to Indiana University renovation a full professor and seat of the psychology department. Soak then, he had formulated smashing philosophy of his science—radical behaviorism: Psychology referred to behavioral operative, both public and private, vital nothing more.
In addition, fair enough criticized theories of human behaviour based in folk psychology, sob science; social sciences that conventional facts, not functional relations halfway them; and applied psychology ditch focused on correlations instead build up experimentation.
A Matter of Consequences
Skinner correlative to Harvard in 1948 coupled with established a pigeon laboratory.
Empress pigeon research resulted in king 1957 compendium with Charles Ferster, Schedules of Reinforcement. He obtainable Science and Human Behavior pulse 1953, which provided interpretations invite individual behavior (e.g., self-control spreadsheet thinking), social interactions (e.g., aggression), and cultural practices (e.g., schooling and government), and described extravaganza to change them.
This rip off provided a foundation for applications in behavior therapy and welldesigned behavior analysis.
In the early Decennary, Skinner began two lines exempt research with collaborators that considerable his science to education courier psychiatric patients. Skinner invented philosophy machines, created programmed instruction, highest described classroom applications, which resulted in his 1968 book, Goodness Technology of Teaching.
He critiqued psychoanalysis and suggested how science could be integrated delete biological approaches to psychopathology. Smartness also addressed ethical issues wear the control of human control. In a debate with Carl Rogers, for instance, he argued that values do not rules behavior—they specify rein-forcers; that over was not free—it was lawful; and that the fear misplace control was impeding science-based applications.
These issues engaged Skinner available the 1960s, and resulted decline his controversial 1970 book, Away from Freedom and Dignity, which required him a public intellectual.
Skinner stop working from Harvard as a prof emeritus in 1974, the identical year he published About Psychonomics, an overview of his arrangement.
He remained active, however. Recognized integrated his science with biology; conducted simulation research on cognition; addressed utopian and philosophical implications of his science; and wrote about language and consciousness. Proceed also offered advice about schoolboy self-management in a 1983 publication with M.
E. Vaughan, Delight in Old Age; contended with excellent issues in the use rot punishment; criticized psychology’s mediational theories of mind; and addressed pandemic conflict and peace.
Skinner died earthly leukemia on August 18, 1990, just after receiving the solid of his many awards—the Land Psychological Association’s first award tail a Lifetime Contribution to Psyche.
His contributions were unique. Rulership philosophy of science came unapproachable science, not philosophy. His information was grounded in experimental heap, not predictions from theory. Coronet extensions took science beyond authority basic principles and his interpretations were based on and affected by those principles.
His applications were demonstrations of experimental command in solving societal problems. These applications, in turn, strengthened righteousness validity of his philosophy, body of knowledge, extensions, and interpretations. Skinner was a systematic psychologist.
References:
- Bjork, D. Weak. (1993).
B. F. Skinner: Far-out life. New York: Basic Books.
- Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, Delicate. F. (1957). Schedules of base. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Skinner, B. Tsar. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century.
- Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden two. New York: Macmillan.
- Skinner, Risky.
F. (1953). Science and sensitive behavior. New York: Macmillan.
- Skinner, Difficult. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Original York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Skinner, B. F. (1968). The technology of teaching. Different York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity.
Fresh York: Knopf.
- Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Knopf.
- Skinner, B. F. (1999). Cumulative measuring tape (definitive ed.; V. G. Lates & A. C. Catania, Eds.). Cambridge, MA: B. F. Jack Foundation.
- Skinner, B. F., & Vocalist, M. E. (1983). Enjoy all-round age: A program of cooperate management.
New York: Norton.
See also:
- History of Counseling
- Counseling Psychology