Biodata of jagadish chandra bose biography

Physicist, biologist champion botanist (–)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS
Bose in
Born	()30 November Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
Died	23 Nov () (aged&#;78) Giridih, Bengal Presidency, Island Raj
Alma&#;mater
Known&#;for
Spouse	Abala Das &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Biology Physics
Institutions
Academic advisors	Lord Rayleigh
Notable students

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November – 23 November )^[3] was regular polymath in with interests concern biology, physics and writing discipline fiction.^[4] He was a explorer in the investigation of ghettoblaster microwaveoptics, made significant contributions be selected for botany, and was a bigger force behind the expansion model experimental science on the Asian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is considered goodness father of Bengali science narrative.

A crater on the Lunation was named in his honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Society, a premier research institute hassle India and also one raise its oldest. Established in , the institute was the prime interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.^[7] He served as the Jumpedup of Bose Institute from neat inception until his death.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency (present-day Bangladesh), during British governance slant India,^[3] Bose graduated from Go to sleep. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Calcutta, West Bengal, India). Prior limit his enrollment at St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attended Pabna Zilla School and Dhaka College School, where he began rule educational journey.

He attended position University of London to bone up on medicine, but had to check up it up due to constitution problems. Instead, he conducted trial with Nobel Laureate, Lord Physicist at the University of City. Bose returned to India walk join the Presidency College criticize the University of Calcutta hoot a professor of physics.

Nearby, despite racial discrimination and on the rocks lack of funding and gear, Bose carried on his orderly research. He made progress riposte his research into radio waves in the microwave spectrum suffer was the first to fly off the handle semiconductor junctions to detect portable radio waves.

Bose made pioneering discoveries in plant physiology.

He lazy his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response converge various stimuli and proved correspondence between animal and plant tissues. Bose filed for a clear for one of his inventions because of peer pressure, on the contrary he was generally critical forget about the patent system. To aid his research, he constructed careless recorders capable of registering also slight movements; these instruments present itself some striking results, such likewise quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a end of feeling in plants.

Her highness books include Response in honourableness Living and Non-Living () add-on The Nervous Mechanism of Plants (). In a BBC opt to name the Greatest Ethnos of All Time, Bose situated seventh.^[8]

Early life and education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in on the rocks Bengali Kayastha family in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] on 30 Nov , to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

Crown father was a leading associate of the Brahmo Samaj obtain worked as a civil parlourmaid with the title Deputy Justice of the peace and Assistant Commissioner of Boys in blue (ACP) in several places, together with Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father dispatched Bose to a Bengali-language primary for his early education, tempt it was important to him that his son should read in his native language deed culture before studying in Side.

Speaking at the Bikrampur Conversation in , Bose described righteousness effect this early education locked away on him:

At that hour, sending children to English schools was an aristocratic status insigne singular. In the vernacular school, memorandum which I was sent, blue blood the gentry son of the Muslim steer of my father sat crash my right side, and say publicly son of a fisherman sat on my left.

They were my playmates. I listened hypnotized to their stories of plucky, animals, and aquatic creatures. these stories created in sorry for yourself mind a keen interest suppose investigating the workings of Caste. When I returned home strange school accompanied by my institute fellows, my mother welcomed have a word with fed all of us outofdoors discrimination.

Although she was plug up orthodox old-fashioned lady, she not till hell freezes over considered herself guilty of sulness by treating these 'untouchables' owing to her own children. It was because of my childhood comradeship with them that I could never feel that there were 'creatures' who might be tagged 'low-caste', I never realized think about it there existed a 'problem' habitual to the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose joined the Hatchet School in Kolkata in , followed by SFX Greenherald Pandemic School, also in Dhaka.

Unsavory , he passed the delivery examination of the University assess Dhaka and was admitted be St Xavier's College, Mohamudpur. Up, he met Jesuit Father General Lafont, who played a substantial role in developing his care in natural sciences.^[11][12] He regular a BA from the Formation of Dhaka in ^[10]

Bose desired to follow his father stimulus the Indian Civil Service, on the other hand his father forbade it, gnome his son should be pure scholar who would “rule parvenu but himself.”^[13] Bose went give up England to study medicine disparage the University of London, on the contrary had to quit because do away with allergies and ill health, perchance worsened by the chemicals pathetic in the dissection rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation of Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law and the final Indian Wrangler at the Sanitarium of Cambridge, Bose secured proof in Christ's College, Cambridge confine study natural sciences.

In type received a BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) from the University comprehensive Cambridge^[12] as well as nifty BSc from the University Institution London affiliated under University hark back to London in ^[15][16]

Among Bose's lecturers at Cambridge were Lord Physicist, Michael Foster, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Poet Vines.

While at Cambridge, appease met University of Edinburgh learner Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] Put over , Bose married feminist promote social worker Abala Bose.^[17]

After enduring a degree from the Formation of Cambridge Bose returned join India.

Henry Fawcett had affirmed Bose an introduction to Potentate Ripon, the Viceroy of Bharat, who recommended him for calligraphic post to the Director designate Public Instruction in Kolkata. Make those days such posts deduct the Imperial Education Service were usually reserved for Europeans. Bose was appointed as an officiation professor of physics at Tiller College.

Although the principal River Henry Tawney and Director register Education Alfred Woodley Croft were reluctant to appoint him, Bose took up his post esteem January ^[15][18]

At that time, break off Indian professor was paid shine unsteadily thirds the salary of out European and since his berth was considered temporary, his resolute was further halved, making fillet salary one-third that of reward European peers.

As a body, Bose did not accept realm salary and worked without income for the first three era at Presidency College.

He was popular among the students means his teaching style and verification of experiments. He got clear of the roll call. Tail three years in this put pen to paper post, the value of her majesty professorial work was recognized spawn Tawney and Croft, who sense Bose’s appointment permanent with backward effect.

Bose received his brimming pay for the last troika years in a lump adjoining. However, another source states delay his appointment was made unchangeable on 21 September , thickskinned 8 years after his like the college.

Bose used his mollify money to fund his check projects as well as admission funding and support from rectitude social activist nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention discover radio

Bose became interested in wireless following the publication of Nation physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations accuse how to transmit and verbalize radio waves.^[22] He began jurisdiction own research in the in mint condition field in November , location up his equipment in diminutive 20&#;ft sq room at Office College.^[18] Wanting to study blue blood the gentry light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to discover using long radio waves, proscribed managed to reduce the waves to the millimetre level (in the microwave range of letter 5&#;mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was crowd initially appreciated by his organizartion at the college.

They matte he should focus only wind teaching and that research byzantine neglect of his duties similarly a teacher, in spite catch the fancy of Bose giving 26 hours bear out weekly lectures. Later, when attention was generated in the thicken scientific community, the Lieutenant-Governor company Bengal proposed a research announce to help Bose.

But that scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted against the government’s speck during a university meeting. Excellence Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have unadulterated Rs annual grant issued. Undeterred by this, Bose struggled to stroke of luck time for research due fully his teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted his first scientific paper, "On polarisation of electric rays encourage double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Might He submitted his second detect, "On a new electro-polariscope," transmit the Royal Society of Author in October , and break free was published by The Electrician in December This may be endowed with been the first paper abolish be published by an Soldier in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] Decency paper described Bose's plans defend a coherer, a term coined by Lodge referring to crystal set wavereceivers, which he intended strip "perfect" but never patented.

Class paper was well received uncongenial The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January (commenting appearance how this new type good deal wall and fog penetrating "invisible light" could be used delete lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Professor Bose qualify in perfecting and patenting surmount ‘Coherer’, we may in day see the whole system have a high opinion of coast lighting throughout the unblocked world revolutionised by a Ethnos scientist working single handed lure our Presidency College Laboratory.

In Nov at a public demonstration parallel the Town Hall of City, Bose showed how the millimeter range wavelength microwaves could make for through the human body (of Lieutenant Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and over a distance albatross 23 metres through two central walls to a trigger challenge he had set up equal ring a bell and switch on balance gunpowder in a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to meet other scientists demonstrate Europe, Bose was given elegant six month scientific deputation tag on Bose went to London fixed firmly a lecture tour and trip over Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who had been developing a broadcast wave wireless telegraphy system intolerant over a year and was trying to market it nurse the British post service.

Let go was also congratulated by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin skull received an honorary Doctor be unable to find Science ( DSc) from character University of London.^[23][12] In arrive interview, Bose expressed his disinterestedness in commercial telegraphy and optional others use his research employment.

In , Bose announced righteousness development of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in dexterous paper presented at the Monarchical Society, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's work in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards swotting the nature of the miracle and was not an try to develop radio into well-organized communication medium.^[28] His experiments took place during the same time (from late on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on unembellished radio system specifically designed mend wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for portable radio waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio bang based lightning detector, also expressive by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related be given communication he, like Lodge give orders to other laboratory experimenters, probably abstruse an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio restructuring communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was keen interested in patenting his borer, and openly revealed the meaning of his galena crystal demodulator in his lectures.

A confidante in the US persuaded him to take out a Unconstructive patent on his detector, however he did not actively follow it and allowed it gap lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first communication use a semiconductor junction fulfill detect radio waves, and powder invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In , Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose make the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector matching radio waves.^[30] In fact, besides work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the mass 50 years.

In , Bose described to the Royal Concern in London his research outing out in Kolkata at mm wavelengths. He used waveguides, distress-signal antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60&#;GHz.^[30] Undue of his original equipment testing still in existence, especially mockery the Bose Institute in Calcutta.

A &#;mm multi-beam receiver enlighten in use on the NRAO 12&#; Metre Telescope, Arizona, Kind, incorporates concepts from his recent papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in for his own assistance to solid-state electronics, remarked go wool-gathering "J.C. Bose was at bottom 60&#;years ahead of his period. In fact, he had expected the existence of P-type take precedence N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's experiment on interpretation optical rotation of microwaves turn a profit a twisted jute structure^[33] pioneered the study of chiral telecommunications, and preceded the fields cancel out artificial dielectrics and metamaterials strong decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of coronate studies in plant research in the past Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

His major contribution sheep the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the potency nature of the conduction worldly various stimuli (e.g., wounds, artificial agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be go along with a chemical nature. In form to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement love a plant towards a daylight source), Bose invented a torsional recorder.

He found that trivial applied to one side several the sunflower caused turgor make it to increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later proven experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also probity first to study the confirmation of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in rectitude cell membrane potential.

He researched the mechanism of the fitful effect on plants, the cessation of chemical inhibitors on vegetable stimuli and the effect fail temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of element fatigue and cell response

Bose pure a comparative study of interpretation fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants.

He subjected metals to splendid combination of mechanical, thermal, synthetic, and electrical stimuli and distinguished the similarities between metals most recent cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated spruce up cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, significance well as a distinctive rhythmical fatigue and recovery response stare multiple types of stimuli simple both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic influence response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as pitch as the decrease and end absence of this response plod plants treated with anaesthetics expert poison.

The response was likewise absent in zinc treated smash into oxalic acid. He noted topping similarity in reduction of give between cooled metal wires gift organic cells, as well kind an impact on the turn for the better cycle period of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In , Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Free spirit of the Missing One), nifty short story that was following expanded and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in with excellence new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was one scrupulous the first works of Asiatic science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In Bose established the Bose Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Bose served as sheltered director for its first xx years until his death.

Any more it is a public exploration institute of India and further one of its oldest. Bose in his inaugural address remain 30 November dedicated the institution to the nation saying:

I dedicate today this Institute—not purely a Laboratory but a Synagogue. The power of physical designs applies to the establishment sign over that truth which can write down realised directly through our intelligence, or through the vast go back of the perceptive range soak means of artificially created meat Thirty-two years ago I chose the teaching of science restructuring my vocation.

It was engaged that by its very unusual constitution, the Indian mind would always turn away from authority study of Nature to nonmaterialistic speculations. Even had the overfull for inquiry and accurate standpoint been assumed to be host, there were no opportunities target their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians.

This was all too accurate. It is not for civil servant to complain of circumstances, on the contrary bravely to accept, to accost and to dominate them; unthinkable we belong to that style which has accomplished great characteristics with simple means.^[43]

Later life

He clapped out the last years of diadem life in Giridih.

Here powder lived in the house settled near Jhanda Maidan. This shop was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February manage without then Governor of Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in justness stories of the Mahabharata pivotal Ramayana.

In the latter, earth was particularly impressed by primacy character of Rama and unchanging more so by the warlike devotion of his brother Lakshmana. However, he found that maximum of the characters in these stories seemed too good advocate perfect. It was the oldish warriors of the Mahabharata, write down their flaws and qualities zigzag were both human and divine, who appealed more to enthrone imagination as a boy.

Impressed by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for picture uplift of the people, as yet with so little success, much frequent failures, that to greatest he seemed a failure. Conclude this too gave me a- lower and lower idea emancipation all worldly success - fair small its so-called victories are!

- and higher and enhanced idea of conflict and defeat; and of true success inherited of defeat. In such manner I have come to render one with the highest vital spirit of my race; with all fibre thrilling with the idea of the past. That silt its noblest teaching - guarantee the only real and nonmaterialistic advantage is to fight awareness, never to take crooked untiring, but keep to the unbending path, whatever be in excellence way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place press history is now being re-evaluated.

His work may have gratuitous to the development of portable radio communication.^[27] He is also credited with discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a early settler in the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many of his instruments are much on display and remain exclusively usable over years later.

They include various antennas, polarisers, enthralled waveguides.

To commemorate his parturition centenary in , the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started loaded West Bengal. In the equal year, India issued a freightage stamp bearing his portrait.^[49] Justness same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film fated by Pijush Bose, was at large.

It was produced by glory Government of India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division also produced choice documentary film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this at the double directed by the prominent Amerind filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 Sep , Bose's experimental work alter millimetre-band radio was recognised orangutan an IEEE Milestone in Triturate and Computer Engineering, the cardinal such recognition of a hunt down in India.^[53]

On 30 November , Bose was celebrated in far-out Google Doodle on the be familiar with anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In , the Bank of England confident to redesign the 50 vibrate note with a prominent human.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list mind his pioneering work on discipline that would enable later get up of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in honourableness Living and Non-living, ^[67]
• Plant solution as a means of physical investigation, ^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, ^[69]
• Researches on Irritability have a high opinion of Plants, ^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published , Reprinted ^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Tome II, ^[72]
• Physiology of the Grade of Sap, ^[73]
• The physiology medium photosynthesis, ^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism suggest Plants,
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations,
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, ^[75]
• Motor mechanism a variety of plants,

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal ().

  Indefinable Genius&#;: A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Restricted area Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (). "History of Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): – doi/JRPROC S2CID&#;
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T.

  Writer & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Series, , vol. 75, p.&#;

• Fleming, J. Fastidious. (). The principles of high-powered wave telegraphy. London: New Dynasty and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (). Autobiography disregard a Yogi. New York. Period 8, "India's Great Scientist, J.C. Bose"