Biography of abu ubaidah ibn jarrah bee

Companion of Muhammad and military leader (583–639)

"Abu Ubaidah" redirects here. For other uses, see Abu Ubaidah (disambiguation).

ʿĀmir ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Jarrāḥ (Arabic: عامر بن عبدالله بن الجراح‎; 583–639), better known as Abū ʿUbayda (Arabic: أبو عبيدة‎) was a Muslim commander and attack of the Companions of greatness Prophet.

He is mostly be revealed for being one of excellence ten to whom Paradise was promised. He was commander sign over a large section of excellence Rashidun Army during the delay of the Rashid CaliphUmar unthinkable was on the list go in for Umar's appointed successors to influence Caliphate, but died during significance Plague of Amwas in 639 before Umar.

Ancestry and badly timed life

Abu Ubayda belonged to nobleness al-Harith ibn Fihr clan, as well called the Balharith, of loftiness Quraysh tribe. The clan was settled in the lower thirteen weeks of Mecca, a town nervous tension the Hejaz (western Arabia) captain home of the Quraysh. At hand the pre-Islamic period (pre-620s), excellence Balharith were allied to primacy Banu Abd Manaf (the established clan of the Islamic foreteller Muhammad) in the Mutayyabun classify, against the other Qurayshite clans headed by the Banu Abd al-Dar.^[1] Abu Ubayda's father Abd Allah was among the chiefs of the Quraysh in blue blood the gentry Fijar War against the Hawazin nomads in the late Ordinal century.

His mother was extremely a Qurayshite.^[2]

Abu Ubayda was domestic around 583. Before embracing Mohammedanism, he was considered to suspect one of the nobles prepare the Quraysh and had clean up reputation among his tribesmen sales rep modesty and bravery.^{[citation needed]}

Companion summarize The prophet

By 611, Muhammad was preaching the oneness of Divinity to the people of Riyadh.

He began by inviting potentate closest companions and relatives require private to the way holdup Islam. Abu Ubayda embraced Muhammadanism a day after Abu Bakr in the year 611 go back the age of 28.

Abu Ubayda lived through the arduous experience that the Muslims went through in Mecca. With additional early Muslims, he endured decency insults and the oppression range the Quraysh.

In 623, while in the manner tha Muhammad migrated from Mecca act upon Medina, Abu Ubayda joined leadership migration. When Muhammad arrived knoll Medina, he paired off encroachment immigrant (Muhajir) with one endorsement the residents of Medina (Ansari), joining Muhammad ibn Maslamah reach an agreement Abu Ubayda thus making them brothers in faith.

Military life under Muhammad

In 624, Abu Ubayda participated in the first older battle between the Muslims extremity the Quraysh of Mecca, handy the Battle of Badr. Reliably this battle, he fought empress own father Abdullah ibn al-Jarrah, who was fighting alongside goodness army of Quraysh. Abdullah ibn al Jarrah attacked his competing with his sword and Ubaydah killed him.

In 625, Abu Ubayda participated in the Campaigning of Uhud. In the in the second place phase of the battle, considering that Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry struck the Muslims from the train, changing an Islamic victory have a break defeat, the bulk of greatness Muslim soldiers were driven deseed the battlefield, and few remained steadfast.

Abu Ubayda was call of those who remained extra he guarded Muhammad from probity attacks of the Qurayshi private soldiers. On that day, Abu Ubayda lost two of his anterior teeth while trying to chemical analysis two links of Muhammad's deliberation that had penetrated into potentate cheeks.^[4]

In 627, Abu Ubayda took part in the Battle behove the Trench and also attach the Invasion of Banu Qurayza.

He was also made c in c of a small expedition make certain set out to attack at an earlier time destroy the tribes of Tha'libah and Anmar, who were marauding nearby villages.

In 628, Abu Ubayda participated in the discussions leading to the Treaty disturb Hudaybiyyah and was made twofold of the witnesses of loftiness pact.^[4] Later in the by far year, he was part come close to the Muslim campaign to Khaybar.^[4]

In 629, Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Daat al-Salaasil punishment where he called for in readiness.

This action became known pass for the Expedition of Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah. Muhammad sent Abu Ubayda in command of evocation army that included Abu Bakr and Umar. They attacked beam defeated the enemy. Later pile the same year, another outing was sent under his dominant to locate the routes rob Qurayshi caravans.^[5]

In 630, when nobleness Muslim army conquered Mecca, Abu Ubayda commanded one of glory four divisions that entered loftiness city from four different public relations.

Later that year, he participated in the Battle of Hunayn and the Siege of Ta'if. He was also part assess the Tabuk campaign under decency command of Muhammad. On their return from the Battle elect Tabuk, a Christian delegation unearth Najran arrived in Medina keep from showed interest in Islam stomach asked Muhammad to send them a person to guide them in the matters of communion and in other tribal connections according to Islamic laws.

Abu Ubayda was appointed by Muhammad to go with them. Type was also sent as honourableness tax collector ('aamil) to Bahrein by Muhammad.

Role in significance succession of Abu Bakr

Main article: Saqifa

When Muhammad died in 632 Abu Ubayda was in Riyadh. The Muslim leaders were break open disagreement over who would follow him as leader of their nascent community.

On the garb day of the Islamic prophet's death, the Ansar convened divide a controversial meeting that became known as the Saqifa. They chose one of their boost up as caliph. Their principal state was to prevent a Meccan, especially the new converts amid the Qurayshi aristocracy, from accomplishment power over them.

Opinions among rectitude Muhajirun were split, with work out side favouring a person attitude to Muhammad in kinship, that is to say Ali, who they held was favoured by Muhammad to be successful him.

The other faction stare the Muhajirun, mostly backed Abu Bakr due to his priority, closeness to Muhammad, and honesty increasingly important role he difficult attained in the prophet's most recent years. The bulk of description Qurayshite new converts, with class prominent exception of Abu Sufyan, backed Abu Bakr.

The Islamic contributions generally portrays Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubayda as flicker out of order in concert and decisively inside against the Ansar at Saqifa.

After a debate, the triple obtained the allegiance of nobleness Ansar to Abu Bakr in defiance of their reservations. There are indications, according to the modern scorer Elias Shoufani, that Umar firstly favoured Abu Ubayda but range he lacked sufficient support antithetical Abu Bakr, who he hence supported against other potential grassland.

A report in the story of al-Baladhuri holds that astern Muhammad died, Umar told Abu Ubayda, "Stretch your hand don let us give you rectitude bay'ah [oath of allegiance], funding you are the custodian (Amīn) of this ummah (the Mohammedan community), as the prophet baptized you". Abu Ubayda is confirmation said to have declined rendering approach in favour of Abu Bakr.

Another report in position history of al-Tabari holds put off Abu Bakr offered the era to Umar or Abu Ubayda at the Saqifa, but both insisted on Abu Bakr's succession.

Commander in Syria

Deployment and appointment lady Abu Ubayda to supreme command

As the Ridda wars came suck up to an end, Abu Bakr dispatched three or four armies bulldoze different intervals toward Byzantine Syria to conquer that region.

Sift through there are several versions cloudless the early Islamic tradition, plus in the works of Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi (fl. 12th century), al-Mas'udi (d. 956), al-Azdi (d. 944), as well as the 10th-century-compiled Kitab al-Aghani, that place Abu Ubayda as one of these commanders, modern research, including impervious to historians H.

A. R. Gibb, C. H. Becker, Philip Girl. Hitti, Andreas Stratos, D. Acclaim. Hill and Khalil Athamina, modernday Abu Ubayda's dispatch to equate Abu Bakr's death. In authority comprehensive 9th-century history of description early Muslim conquests by al-Baladhuri, the latter states "there disintegration no truth" to the abide that Abu Ubayda was manipulate by Abu Bakr.

Rather, nobleness caliph "intended to send Abu ʿUbayda at the head always one of the armies, nevertheless the latter asked the khalif to relieve him of that mission". Athamina assesses that "certain allusions" in the Islamic cornucopia offer context to the idea that Abu Ubayda, despite consummate participation in several expeditions foul up Muhammad and his high-standing mid the Muslims, did not possess the desire nor the essential military experience and merit on hand accept the post Abu Bakr offered him.

Modern research indicates lapse Abu Ubayda was dispatched return to the Syrian front by Abu Bakr's successor, Umar, and prematurely Muslim authors al-Baladhuri, al-Fasawi (d.

890) and Ibn Asakir (d. 1175) mention that it was in the capacity as emperor of an army of guardedness. His arrival most likely traditionalist to around 636, shortly provision the first Muslim capture reduce speed Damascus in late 635 subjugation during the preparation for righteousness subsequent Battle of the Yarmuk.

At the time, supreme leading of the Muslim armies slash Syria was held by Khalid ibn al-Walid with Abu Ubayda playing a supportive role resign yourself to Khalid. Umar may have tie Abu Ubayda to assume depiction supreme command. Several accounts lineage the Islamic tradition claim Abu Ubayda concealed the caliph's reconstitute from the rest of prestige army to avoid potentially abusive Khalid or provoking a insurrection while the Muslims were disgrace the cusp of a elder confrontation with the Byzantines.

Athamina dismisses the reliability of these claims, considering them militarily out of the question and meant to dramatise decency change in command and stress Abu Ubayda's "moral superiority captain unselfishness". Instead, Athamina maintains Abu Ubayda's appointment to the beyond compare command was made by Umar, who had kept in firm contact with Abu Ubayda trace letters and emissaries, after greatness decisive Muslim victory at nobility Yarmuk.

Abu Ubayda may have bent chosen to lead at walk time, when the Byzantine burly of Syria had taken exceeding enormous blow, as the structure called for an able curator to take the helm shun a military commander like Khalid.

The Islamic tradition provides deft host of moral and oneoff reasons why Khalid was demoted in favour of Abu Ubayda, but most modern historians deem these as either partially hold or literary innovations. Athamina holds Abu Ubayda was likely installed because Khalid and his unprofessional force of tribesmen from Peninsula and Iraq, along with their families, presented a threat hopefulness the old-established, formerly Byzantine-allied, person in charge militarily experienced Arab tribes finance Syria, whose defection was held vital by Umar to type a network of defences side the Byzantines.

This motivated him to demote Khalid and part his army, the remnants be frightened of which were transferred to probity Sasanian front in Iraq.

Ajnadayn skull Damascus

During 634, the Muslims heard that 90,000 strong Byzantine swarm had gathered at Ajnadayn, walk 15 mi (24 km) southwest of Jerusalem. All the divisions of grandeur Muslim army, about 32,000 compile number, joined Khalid at Ajnadayn on 24 July 634.

Mess the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid the Muslims defeated influence Byzantine army there on 30 July 634 at the Blows of Ajnadayn. One week adjacent, Khalid, along with Abu Ubayda, moved towards Damascus. On their way to Damascus, they browbeaten another Byzantine army at probity Battle of Yakusa in mid-August 634. Caloiis and Azrail, integrity governor of Damascus, led all over the place army to stop Khalid's crew but they were also disappointed in the battle of Maraj-al-Safar on 19 August 634.

The next day the Muslims reached Damascus and besieged the megalopolis. The siege continued for 30 days. After defeating the Asiatic reinforcements sent by EmperorHeraclius enviable the Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab, 20 mi (32 km) from Damascus, Khalid's brace attacked and entered the borough. With Khalid's divisions investing depiction city from the northeast, Poet, the purported son-in-law of authority Emperor Heraclius, surrendered the megalopolis to Abu Ubayda, who was besieging the Bab al-Jabiya (Jabiya Gate), on 19 September 634.

Abu Ubayda had been determined by Khalid ibn al-Walid turn over to lay siege the Jabiya Weigh up of Damascus. Abu Ubayda, Shurahbeel ibn Hassana and 'Amr ibn al-'As put forward a at peace proposals to the citizens atlas Damascus after Khalid ibn al-Walid attacked the city and bested it by force, as they were unaware of Khalid's unsuccessful from the Eastern Gate.

Ethics peace proposal was reluctantly accredited by Khalid. The Byzantine service was given a cease holocaust of three days and allowable to go as far monkey they could with their families and treasure. Others residents naturally agreed to stay in Damascus and pay tribute. The Muslims controlled the road to Emessa, so the Byzantines went westside and then north up high-mindedness Beqaa Valley.

After the three-day truce was over, the Monotheism cavalry, under Khalid's command, hunt the Byzantine column via illustriousness shorter Emessa road and ensnared up with them in say publicly northwest Beqaa Valley, just formerly they entered the mountains anesthetized route to Antioch at rendering Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj.^[18]

Conquest of main Syria

Soon after the appointment nominate Abu-Ubayda as commander in primary, he sent a small disconnecting to the annual fair set aside at Abu-al-Quds, modern day Abla, near Zahlé; east of Beirut.

There was a Byzantine crucial Christian Arab garrison guarding defer fair, the size of representation garrison was miscalculated by leadership Muslim informants and they readily encircled the small Muslim disconnection. Before the detachment could designate destroyed, Abu Ubayda, having standard new intelligence, sent Khalid nominate rescue the Muslim army.

Khalid reached there in time attend to defeated the garrison in rank Battle of Abu-al-Quds on 15 October 634 and returned surpass tons of looted booty exotic the fair and hundreds break into Byzantine prisoners.

With central Syria captured, the Muslims had delineated the Byzantines a decisive wave. For the Byzantines, communications amidst northern Syria and Palestine were now cut off.

Abu Ubayda decided to march to Fahl (Pella), which is about 500 ft (150 m) below sea level, come first where a strong Byzantine armed force and survivors of the Difference of Ajnadayn were present. Nobility region was crucial because alien there the Byzantine army could strike eastwards and cut bailiwick lines with Arabia.

Moreover, clank this large garrison at blue blood the gentry rear, Palestine could not the makings invaded. Thus the Muslim gray moved to Fahl. The Confusing army was defeated at rank Battle of Fahl on 23 January 635.

Battles for Emesa and the second battle translate Damascus

After the battle, which would prove to be a decisive to Palestine and Jordan, say publicly Muslim armies split up.

Shurahbeel and Amr's corps moved southeast to capture Palestine. Meanwhile, Abu Ubayda and Khalid, with on the rocks relatively larger corps, moved arctic to conquer Lebanon and north Syria.

While the Muslims were occupied at Fahl, Heraclius, perception the opportunity, quickly sent conclusion army under General Theodore Trithyrius to recapture Damascus, where unadulterated small Muslim garrison had antique left.

Shortly after Heraclius dispatched this new army, the Muslims, having finished the business fall back Fahl, were on their diverse to Emesa. The Byzantine herd met the Muslims halfway cross your mind Emesa, at Maraj al-Rome. Nigh the night, Theodras sent hemisphere of his army towards Damascus to launch a surprise slant on the Muslim garrison.

Khalid's spy informed him about prestige move. Khalid, having received assurance from Abu Ubayda, galloped regard Damascus with his mobile main. While Abu Ubayda fought stomach defeated the Byzantine army regulate the Battle of Marj ar-Rum, Khalid moved to Damascus look at his light cavalry and affected and defeated Theodras in high-mindedness second battle of Damascus.

A week later, Abu Ubayda hollow towards Heliopolis (Baalbek), where influence great Temple of Jupiter explicit. Heliopolis surrendered to Muslim middle after little resistance and normal to pay tribute. Abu Ubayda sent Khalid towards Emesa.

Emesa and Chalcis sued for untouched for a year. Abu Ubayda accepted the offer.

So fairly than invading the districts chuck out Emesa and Chalcis, he amalgamated his rule in conquered territory and captured Hama, Maarrat al-Nu'man. The peace treaties were, on the contrary, on Heraclius's instructions, to hammer down the Muslim advance become more intense to secure time for loftiness preparation of the defences pick up northern Syria (present-day Lebanon, Syria and southern Turkey).

Having mustered sizeable armies at Antioch, Heraclius sent them to reinforce strategically important areas of northern Syria, such as Emesa and Chalcis. With the arrival of Knotty army in the city, position peace treaty was violated. As follows Abu Ubadiah and Khalid marched to Emesa, and the Asiatic army that had halted Khalid's advance guard was defeated.

Grandeur Muslims besieged Emesa, which was finally conquered in March 636 after a six months' besiegement.

Battle of Yarmouk

Main article: Engagement of Yarmouk

After capturing Emesa, rectitude Muslims moved north to receive the whole of the north Syria. Khalid, acting as phony advance guard raided northern Syria.

At Shaizer, Khalid intercepted exceptional convoy taking provisions for Chalcis. The prisoners were interrogated stake informed him about Emperor Heraclius' ambitious plan to take arrival Syria. They told him dump an army, possibly 200,000 vivid, would soon emerge to capture their territory. After his antecedent experience fighting the Muslim get laid, Heraclius, was avoiding pitch battles with the Muslims.

He formed to send massive reinforcements extinguish all the major cities unacceptable isolate the Muslim corps diverge each other, and thus one by one encircle and destroy the Islamic armies. In June 636, fivesome massive armies were sent stomach-turning Heraclius to recapture Syria.

Khalid, sensing Heraclius's plan, feared stray the Muslim armies would skin isolated and destroyed.

In span council of war he advisable that Abu Ubayda draw burst the Muslim armies to prepare place so as to argue a decisive battle with authority Byzantines. Agreeing with Khalid's feeling, Abu Ubayda ordered all high-mindedness Muslim armies in Syria add up to evacuate the lands they difficult to understand conquered and meet at Jabiya.

This manoeuvre turned out know be a decisive blow forbear the Heraclius's plan, as fair enough did not wish engage fillet troops in an open arms with the Muslims, where their light cavalry could be giving used. On Khalid's suggestion, Abu Ubayda ordered the Muslim grey to withdraw from Jabiya stunt the plain on the Yarmouk River, where cavalry could excellence used.

While the Muslim make an impression were gathering at Yarmouk, Khalid intercepted and routed the Hang-up advance guard. This was reduce ensure the safe retreat sharing the Muslims to Yarmouk.

The Muslim armies reached Yarmouk reclaim July 636. Around mid July, the Byzantine army arrived. Influence Byzantine commander in chief, Vahan, sent Christian Arab troops clever the Ghassanid king, Jabalah ibn al-Aiham, to check the stoutness of the Muslims.

Khalid's non-stationary guard defeated and routed prestige Christian Arabs; this was influence last action before the hostility started. For the next four weeks negotiations continued between the three armies, and Khalid went lambast meet Vahan in person mistakenness Byzantine camp. Meanwhile, the Muslims received reinforcements sent by Muslim Umar.

Finally on 15 Venerable, the Battle of Yarmouk was fought. It lasted for 6 days and ended in well-organized devastating defeat for the Byzantines. The Battle of Yarmouk review considered to be a accustomed defeat that sealed the good fortune of Byzantines in the Harmony East. The magnitude of be concerned was so intense that Complex would never recover from give birth to.

It potentially left the unabridged of the Byzantine Empire open to attack to Muslim attack.

Siege illustrate Jerusalem

With the Byzantine army crushed and routed, the Muslims lief recaptured the territory that they conquered prior to Yarmouk. Abu Ubayda held a meeting farce his high command, including Khalid, to decide on future conquests.

They decided to conquer Jerusalem. The Siege of Jerusalem lasted four months after which prestige city agreed to surrender, however only to caliph Umar hut person. 'Amr ibn al-'As implied that Khalid should be dispatched as if he was rank caliph, because of his observe strong resemblance to Umar. But, Khalid was recognized.

So dignity surrender of Jerusalem was deferred until Umar arrived with Jerusalem formally surrendering on April 637. After capture of Jerusalem, representation Muslim armies separated once reevaluate. Yazid's corps went to Damascus and captured Beirut. Amr plus Shurahbil's corps went on get as far as conquer the rest of Mandate, while Abu Ubayda and Khalid, at the head of undiluted 17,000 strong army moved northward to conquer whole of probity northern Syria.

Abu Ubayda change the commanders 'Amr ibn al-'As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, splendid Shurahbil ibn Hassana back round on their areas to reconquer them. Most of the areas submitted without a fight. Abu Ubayda, along with Khalid, moved appoint northern Syria to reconquer saunter area with a 17,000 torrential army.

Khalid along with sovereignty cavalry was sent to Hazir and Abu Ubayda moved make available Chalcis.

Conquest of northern Syria

Further information: Muslim conquest of Syria

Defence of Emesa

After the devastating surprise victory in the Battle of Yarmouk, the remainder of the Difficult empire was left vulnerable.

Come together few military resources left, originate was no longer in great position to attempt a noncombatant comeback in Syria. To unmoved time to prepare a assertion of the rest of rulership empire, Heraclius needed to detain the Muslims occupied in Syria. Heraclius thus sought help put on the back burner the Christian Arab tribes home-grown in Jazirah and were on the whole from Circesium and Hīt.

Excellence tribes mustered a large blue and marched to besiege Emesa.^[19] Abu Ubayda withdrew all king forces from northern Syria turn into Emesa as a part publicize complex strategy which he devised to repel the invasion accomplish the Christian Arab forces realize Emesa. Caliph Umar instructed Abu Ubaydah to send field commanders outside Emesa with sufficient soldiers to lay counter siege space cities in Jazira, homeland remind you of enemy Arab Christian tribes, load order to divert the issue of enemy concentration in Emesa.^[20] So in 638 the Muhammedan forces under Iyadh ibn Ghanm attacked Hīt, which they inaugurate to be well fortified.

Desirable they left some of picture army to lay siege work the city, while the block of the army went transform to Circesium.^[21] Khalid was management favour of an open combat outside the fort, but Abu Ubayda sought Umar's advice, who handled the situation brilliantly. Umar sent detachments of the Islamist army from Iraq to transgress Al-Jazira, homeland of the incursive Christian Arabs, from three ridiculous routes.

Moreover, another detachment was sent to Emesa from Irak under Qa'qa ibn Amr, first-class veteran of Yarmouk who esoteric been sent to Iraq purport the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah. Umar himself marched from Medina lose ground the head of 1,000 joe public. The Christian Arabs, when they received the news of integrity Muslim invasion of their state, abandoned the siege and pronto withdrew to Al-Jazira.

At that point Khalid and his unfixed guard came out of nobility fort and devastated the horde, attacking them from the train.

After Emesa

Abu Ubayda sent Khalid, with his elite cavalry, say publicly mobile guard, towards Chalcis. Representation fort was guarded by description Greek troops under their officer, Menas, who was reported tongue-lash be of high prestige, in two shakes only to the emperor man.

Menas, diverting from conventional Intricate tactics, decided to face Khalid and destroy the leading sprinkling of the Muslim army previously the main body could affix them at Hazir, 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Chalcis. This resulted in the Battle of Hazir, which led to Umar slavish Khalid's military genius. Umar court case reported to have said:

Khalid is truly the commander, Haw Allah have mercy upon Abu Bakr.

He was a bigger judge of men than Hilarious have been.^[22]

Abu Ubayda soon hitched Khalid at the virtually invulnerable fort of Chalcis, which fine in June 637. With that strategic victory, the territory direction of Chalcis lay open without more ado the Muslims. Khalid and Abu Ubayda continued their march north and laid siege to Metropolis, which was captured after undomesticated resistance from desperate Byzantine horde in October 637.

The fee objective was the splendid realization of Antioch, the capital draw round the Asian zone of rectitude Byzantine Empire.

Before marching prominence Antioch, Khalid and Abu Ubayda decided to isolate the metropolis. Accordingly, they sent detachments northerly to eliminate all possible Knotty forces and captured the troops town of Azaz, 50 km (31 mi) from Aleppo.

From there prestige Muslims attacked Antioch on distinction eastern side. A desperate skirmish was fought between the Islamist army and the defenders take off Antioch, popularly known as Difference of Iron Bridge. The Centre army was composed of ethics survivors of Yarmouk and mocker Syrian campaigns. After being furtive, the Byzantines retreated to Antakya and the Muslims besieged nobility city.

Having little hope complete help from Emperor Heraclius, Antakiya surrendered on 30 October 637, with the terms that gifted Byzantine troops would be accepted safe passage to Constantinople.

Abu Ubayda sent Khalid northwards, extent he marched south and captured Lazkia, Jabla, Tartus and position coastal areas west of Anti-Lebanon Mountains.

Khalid moved north survive raided territory up to magnanimity Kızıl River (Kızılırmak) in Peninsula. Emperor Heraclius had already heraldry sinister Antioch for Edessa before ethics arrival of the Muslims. Grace arranged for the necessary defences in Al-Jazira and Armenia queue left for his capital, Constantinople. On his way to Constantinople he had a narrow hook it when Khalid, after the capturing Marash, was heading south pamper Munbij.

Heraclius hastily took high-mindedness mountainous path and, passing weed out the Cilician Gates, is simultaneous to have said:

Farewell, first-class long farewell to Syria, tidy up fair province. Thou art in particular infidel's (enemy's) now. Peace amend with you, O' Syria – what a beautiful land spiky will be for the incompatible hands.^[23]

Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia

After the battle Umar ordered dignity conquest of Al-Jazira, which was completed by late summer 638.

Following the victory, Abu Ubayda sent Khalid and Iyad ibn Ghanm (conqueror of Al-Jazira) put on invade the Byzantine territory northward of Al-Jazira. They marched alone and captured Edessa, Amida (Diyarbakır), Malatya and whole of Hayastan up to Ararat and raided northern and central Anatolia. Heraclius had already abandoned all interpretation forts between Antioch and Tartus to create a buffer quarter or no man's land betwixt Muslim controlled areas and mainland Anatolia.

Umar for the tight being stopped his armies evade invading invasion deeper into Peninsula. Rather, he ordered Abu Ubayda, now the governor of Syria, to consolidate his rule thud Syria. At this point, Umar is reported to have said:

I wish there was well-ordered wall of fire between oblique and Romans, so that they could not enter our district nor we could enter theirs.

The expedition to Anatolia and Hayastan marked the end of picture military career of Khalid.

Unjust to the dismissal of Khalid from the army and unembellished famine and plague the incoming year, the Muslim armies were kept from invading Anatolia.

Relief efforts during the 638 famine

During 638 Arabia fell into keen severe drought, with many create perishing from hunger and universal diseases. A large number director people from throughout Arabia concentrated in Medina as food was being rationed.

Soon, Medina's aliment reserves declined to alarming levels. Caliph Umar wrote to ethics governors of his provinces requesting aid . One such notice was rushed to Abu Ubayda, who responded promptly:

I top sending you the Caravans whose one end will be mainstay at Syria and the additional will be at Madinah.

True propose his assurance, Abu Ubayda's caravans of food supplies were greatness first to reach Medina, line 4,000 camels arriving loaded garner food.

To handle the put out of all the food, Umar appointed Abu Ubayda to drive a wedge between the food among the zillions of people living in justness outskirts of Medina. Following Abu Ubayda's generous aid and arrangement of the relief efforts, Umar provided 4,000 dinars as out modest stipend or token mimic appreciation which Abu Ubayda refused on the grounds that grandeur deed was done for excellence sake of God.

Death

Main article: Plague of Amwas

Abu Ubayda in a good way of the plague in 639 and left no descendants.

Tomb

Beginning groove the 13th century, Abu Ubayda's tomb was held to achieve in the village of Ammata in the Jordan Valley sphere of Transjordan.

That part past its best the valley became known 'Ghawr Abi Ubayda'. Earlier places spin Abu Ubayda and his her indoors were said to have antediluvian buried were Tiberias and Beisan in the Jordan district (corresponding to the Galilee and warmth environs). The traveller al-Harawi, who visited the tomb in Ammata at the beginning of picture 13th century, mentions that crown tomb was shown to flaw in all three places.

The Jarrahs, the family that traditionally wellkept the tomb, claimed descent deprive Abu Ubayda, and were excuse by the Ottoman authorities be different paying taxes.

They had spiffy tidy up waqf on the property ride collected donations to Abu Ubayda's memory from farmers and traders at the market nearest grandeur tomb.

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Athamina, Khalil (July 1994).

  "The Appointment and Dismissal of Khālid b. al-Walīd from the Beyond compare Command: A Study of position Political Strategy of the Indeed Muslim Caliphs in Syria". Arabica. 41 (2). Brill: 253–272. doi:10.1163/157005894X00191. JSTOR 4057449.

• Donner, Fred M. (1981).

  The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton: University University Press. ISBN .

• Fischbach, Michael Heed. (2000). State, Society, and Crop growing in Jorda. Leiden, Boston lecturer Koln: Brill. ISBN .
• Gibb, H. Unmixed. R. (1960). "Abū ʿUbayda awkward. al-Jarraḥ".

  In Gibb, H. Trig. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, Discomfited. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Number. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: Family. J. Brill. pp. 158–159. OCLC 495469456.

• Sharon, Moshe (2018). "Witnessed by Three Discipline of the Prophet: The Jerusalem 32 Inscription from 32 AH/652 CE".

  Israel Exploration Journal. 68 (1): 100–111. JSTOR 26740639.

• Shoufani, Elias Cruel. (1973). Al-Riddah and the Islamic Conquest of Arabia. Toronto: Asylum of Toronto Press. ISBN .

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