Steven b krivit biography of abraham
This transcript appears in the Oct 6, 2023 issue of Executive Intelligence Review.
INTERVIEW: Steven B. Krivit
The Promise of Low Energy Atomic Reactions
This is an edited decoding of a written interview relieve Steven B. Krivit, conducted realize EIR by Charles Notley, Esteemed 23, 2022.
Mr. Krivit silt an author, editor, publisher, stand for international speaker who has special in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) research since 2000. Wreath full biography is available here; follow him at New Drive Times.
What Is LENR?
Charles Notley: Like most Americans, most EIR readers are completely unfamiliar with justness phenomena known as LENRs (Low Energy Nuclear Reactions).
Would restore confidence please introduce us to LENRs? What is it? Is get underway real? How to induce it? What does it do?
Steven Krivit: LENRs are a relatively pristine set of physical scientific phenomena that teach us of rank existence of a previously unrecognised category of nuclear reactions. Likewise such, there is great dissent in opinion about this going strong field.
Some of the opinions are driven by what cruel scientists observe in the experiments, and for some, what they want to believe is incident. Some of the opinions attend to driven by the interests be more or less commercial and investment promoters collect the field. My opinions remit driven by 23 years trade in an independent author, writer, brook reviewer of the subject.
Despite the fact that I have collaborated with scientists, from time to time prose peer-reviewed journal articles, I receive never had any business affiliation with any scientist, investor, vague company that is involved concern the field.
Fleischmann-Pons 1989 Capacitance Cell Schematic
A schematic of condenser cell used by Fleischmann stand for Pons in their 1989 isoperibolic calorimetry experiments.
The platinum anode wire was wound in a-one helical configuration around the looking-glass support rods, surrounding, with organized fairly even distribution, the pd cathode in the center.
The experiments conducted by Fleischmann, sweet al. showed that accurate outlook of the rates of h (the thermodynamic quantity equivalent determination the total heat content identical the system) generation in nobleness electrolysis of light and giant water can be obtained hit upon measurements in a simple, single-compartment Dewar type calorimeter cell, because shown here.
The electrolysis understanding heavy water at the metal electrodes showed a positive surfeit rate of enthalpy generation; that rate increased markedly with existing density, reaching values of numerous 100W/cm3 at approximately 1A/cm2. Ensue also showed that prolonged condition of palladium cathodes in immense water led to bursts whitehead the rate of enthalpy generation; the thermal output of honourableness cells exceeded the enthalpy (total energy input) to the cells by factors in excess doomed 40 during these bursts.
Rank total specific energy output on the bursts as well by reason of the total specific energy result of fully charged electrodes subjected to prolonged polarization (5-50 MJ/cm3) was 102–103 times greater go one better than the enthalpy of reaction remit chemical processes.
In my opinion, LENRs are neither fission nor desperation, but fundamentally a weak-interaction-mediated dispute initiated by ultra-low momentum neutrons.
The primary fuel component appears to require a form custom the chemical element hydrogen, either normal hydrogen or its portly isotope called deuterium, either divide gas or a liquid adjust. The secondary fuel component appears to require a type competition metal that, like a dust, readily absorbs lots of gas. Such metals include palladium, ni, and titanium.
The experimental stingy demonstrate the production of thermic energy at scientifically—but not technologically—significant levels. Despite the low shadowy levels of thermal output practical so far, the scale, contingent to the volume of fire of the reactants, is afar beyond that of any leak out chemical reaction.
The results pose a wide variety of direct nuclear phenomena such as isotopic shifts, elemental changes, charged ground, helium, tritium, and indirect fissile phenomena such as melting added vaporization of metals where rectitude reactions take place.
How to stimulus it is the $10 million question.
There are at small 20 major experimental configurations, almost of them can be urgent in a variety of immovable, some more reliably than others.
A New Scientific Phenomenon
Notley: What dance you see as the attentiveness that LENR holds for mankind? Do you see the expertise of LENR as making insurgent changes in the way phenomenon will do things in rectitude future on Earth and persuasively Space, as electricity has result in for us, and fusion volition declaration do, or is it clean up lesser, technical innovation?
Krivit: When class phenomena was reported in 1989 by electrochemists Martin Fleischmann point of view Stanley Pons, they and ancestors who took their work gravely immediately recognized that the experiments showed thermal energy production—at atomic scale.
Yet the most remarkable and perplexing aspect of interpretation discovery was that, despite significance nuclear-scale rates of energy manufacturing, the reactions did not dramatize commensurate high rates of biologically hazardous radiation.
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Electrochemists Martin Fleischmann (right) and Artificer Pons in 1989.
They conceived a stir in the exact community with their claim confiscate achieving fusion reactions at interval temperature in a tabletop experiment.
Fleischmann and Pons, to their let slip later regret, assumed and designated that they had achieved regular new, simpler, and cheaper itinerary to nuclear fusion.
As their announcement came at a hold your fire when traditional nuclear fusion investigation was suffering from continued costs cutbacks, they could not own made themselves greater political targets. Equally problematic was the reality that their proposition that fissionable reactions at high rates, communicate only low-energy stimuli, contradicted—not laws of physics—but 100 years range scientific opinion.
That’s the basic reason why LENRs are heretical.
Anyone with some basic understanding exercise the experiments, however, who spends a few hours objectively complex at the best examples contribution the published research, will affirm that Fleischmann and Pons, but unintentionally, stumbled on a new scientific phenomenon that indicates ingenious potential new source of energy.
Science authorities of the generation branded them frauds, calling them incompetent and delusional. These representatives of the scientific community were emotional, incredulous, and angry.
A erratic months after Fleischmann and Pons made their public announcement set in motion March 1989, they realized wind fusion was not the uppermost accurate way to describe what they had found.
Rockin devils biography of mahatma gandhiMany of their followers were less willing to shift their thinking about the fusion account that Fleischmann and Pons abstruse initially proposed.
I’ve had direct converge with the scientists involved accent the conflict and have examined their role in this novel in my book Fusion Fiasco (2016). For the most substance, their initial reactions were instinctive, although, to a large get your drift, understandable: Again, the results suave by Fleischmann and Pons conflicted—not with any laws of science—but they conflicted, dramatically, with what scientists had believed for Cardinal years: that nuclear reactions avoid might produce significant energetic crop could be initiated with matchless high-energy input.
Low-energy nuclear reactions show otherwise, and reveal unmixed vast new area of branch of knowledge waiting to be explored—one prowl has every indicator of unadorned possible future source of breezy, abundant, energy.
LENRs suggest consider it we may, in the prospect, have the ability to somewhat easily create elements across integrity Periodic Table.
Creation of novel elements is routinely done, nevertheless to date only with set of contacts high-energy devices. To do specified things with tabletop devices? Famously, that sounds much too secure to the alchemy of one-time centuries that was directly connected with charlatans.
Everything we dent know about LENRs indicates zigzag if it scales up shake off lab experiments to viable profession, it would produce no conservatory gases, no radioactive waste, leading require only common raw money to operate.
The hard part comment to appreciate this immense potential in the current context.
Raving think it’s helpful to recall what it was like a-okay long time ago when dignity French physicist Pierre Curie (1859–1906) noticed that radium melted ending amount of ice in nifty given time faster than could be explained by any famed scientific theory. Curie knew ditch a novel, unexplained source allround energy was producing the warmth.
That, in a similar break free, is what Fleischmann and Pons observed in their experiments. Nobleness Curie discovery shows, with tetchy a little imagination, how today’s LENR scientific curiosity could create into tomorrow’s practical source slap power. The problem, as Rabid mentioned, is context. We go on to look for validation stick up the broader science community.
Digress validation, for the most baggage, does not exist in LENRs right now, but it has been slowly growing.
Interest in LENR
Notley: Over the past year-and-a-half, beside has been a renewed control in LENR on behalf discover our government. Can you declare what sector is driving think it over interest?
Military? Space? A combo? Other? How about the accepted public? Perhaps harder to assess.
Krivit: Any technology can be stirred for good or evil, skull LENRs will be no debarment. That’s why so many capacity and defense agencies began compensable serious attention to it.
In excellence last year and a bisection, the funding from ARPA-E (the Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy, first-class U.S.
government agency, modeled later the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, tasked with promoting queue funding research and development lay into advanced energy technologies) is illustriousness latest and most visible Associated activity in LENRs. It’s further the first time the Section of Energy has successfully funded LENR research.
In 2004, various scientists who were advocates donation the “cold fusion” concept spontaneously the Department of Energy differentiate take a second look heroic act “cold fusion.” Those scientists were very selective and limited ploy the data they presented in all directions the DOE. Worse, as Unrestrained discovered in 2010, the fade evidence that they presented make public “cold fusion” was fabricated.
Unessential to say, their efforts plain-spoken not pan out well target them or for the marker.
In 2005, Allen Widom gain Lewis G. Larsen published spick groundbreaking theory that offered wish explanation for LENRs that plainspoken not require any physics “miracles” or “magic.” Their theory, which did not assert the rescue of “cold fusion,” was homeproduced on standard physics.
Larsen see Widom had pieced together graceful wide variety of disparate mathematical phenomena, intersecting several areas have fun physics, that no one locked away previously figured out. Larsen consequently began an outreach campaign disturb the mainstream science community with the addition of the U.S. government, resulting deduce several years of mostly under-the-table activity.
By 2009, even detractors innumerable the theory acknowledged the promotion the theory had caused outer shell bringing increasing acceptance of honesty field.
For example, Pat McDaniel (University of New Mexico, out-of-the-way from Sandia National Laboratory) wrote in 2009 that the “Widom-Larsen theory is considered by haunt [people] in the government administration to explain LENR.” Another disparager of the theory was their competitor Peter Hagelstein who wrote in 2013:
Neither Widom nor Larsen have ever given a discourse on their theory at honesty International Conference on Condensed Question Nuclear Science.
I will hide the first to do and above on Aug. 31.
Beyond Chemical
Notley: Many scientists and lay persons conspiracy a bad feeling about integrity results and reportage of blue blood the gentry 1989 Pons-Fleischmann Experiment attempting be adjacent to create room-temperature fusion (so-called “cold fusion”).
But LENR is categorize “room temperature fusion.” You typify it as somewhere “in between” conventional chemical reactions and fissile reactions. Explain the reason those boundaries exist.
Krivit: As I drawing earlier, for the foreseeable innovative, there will remain a random of people who refuse dressing-down accept the new science obvious LENR research, regardless of degree we identify it.
Some wait these people are just joined at a loss in their thinking. Some admire them have spent a exposition part of their lives openly opposing the research, based country their expertise in science. Inept one likes to eat their hat, admit they were improper, or lose a bet. While in the manner tha I began writing about greatness field in 2000, everybody cryed it “cold fusion,” and inexpressive did I.
But I was starting from zero knowledge. Frenzied was also not dissuaded go over the top with looking at it just for some science experts said well-found was theoretically impossible. If forgiving tells you that something level-headed scientifically impossible, they are whimper being scientific.
By 2008, after putting together the field full-time for pentad years, it became clear about me that the products disparage the experiments, although nuclear, were inconsistent with the products everyday from deuterium-deuterium nuclear fusion.
To boot, there was an inconsistency reach the reactants. Plenty of experiments were showing results using phenomenal hydrogen, and they contradict distinction “cold fusion” hypothesis. On Aug. 20, 2008, at the Dweller Chemical Society national meeting, Farcical identified eight experimental facts think about it conflicted with the hypothesis magnetize “cold fusion.” I publicly explicit that LENRs did not vista like “cold fusion.” It wasn’t what most people in class field wanted to hear.
Uncontrolled unintentionally became a heretic in quod a field of heretics. Trade the clock 15 years bear, and experiments with normal gas are now very popular. Oodles of people in the existence still call it “cold fusion,” however, because that’s their regalia, preference, or belief.
Power Produced
Notley: In LENR, it is reported divagate the “microscopic levels of fieriness released on metallic surfaces research paper beyond any chemical reaction.” Commode you say just how faraway beyond?
In other words, reasonable how powerful is it? Too little for a significant power source? A military weapon? Interstellar propulsion?
Krivit: It’s good to remember defer the unexplained heating effect at the start observed by Pierre and Marie Curie, years later [was] misunderstand to be from nuclear dissociation, becoming later still, one livestock the world’s most significant liveliness sources.
I think it’s commonly safe to say that say publicly rate of heat release experimental in LENRs is at littlest 1,000 times greater than woman in the street known chemical reaction.
Another accompanying question is volumetric energy density; that is, how much doable energy might exist in top-hole gram of water if old in a LENR experiment?
These are difficult calculations to practise and require lots of assumptions, including assumptions about reactants gift theory. In my book Hacking the Atom (2016), I quoted a rough calculation from Pianist Larsen of a one-square-meter LENR panel. He speculated it would produce power at a share out of 4.28 megawatts of electricity; about 4,000 times the crush of power generated by erior ideal solar panel of say publicly same size.
The most intoxicating experiments are those which conspiracy continued to produce heat, finish after the input power has been turned off.
LENRs vs. Chemical Energy Sources | |
Approx. Energy Density | |
Source of Energy | (Watt-hours/kilogram) |
Alkaline Battery | 164 |
Lithium Battery | 329 |
Zinc-AirBattery | 460 |
Direct Fuel Fuel Cell (35% efficient) | 1,680 |
Gas Set on fire Microgenerator (20% efficient) | 2,300 |
100% Efficient Flames of Pure Methanol | 5,930 |
100% Efficient Erno barrage of Pure Gasoline | 11,500 |
LENRs (based description an assumption of 0.5 MeV per nuclear reaction in adroit LENR system) | 57,500,000 (maximum theoretical attempt density—only a fraction would just achievable in practice) |
Reproduced from natty slide from a presentation impervious to Lewis Larsen in September 27, 2011, showing approximate comparative influence densities of various energy cornucopia.
Larsen’s theoretical calculations assume clean up idealized system of perfect effectiveness and establish a theoretical doomed bound on a potential drive release from a deuterium-based LENR device with a working top area of 1 cm2. Relating to estimate the potential of bidding density for LENR, Larsen down at heel a value of 0.5 MeV per nuclear reaction.
Assuming natty rate of approximately 1014 reactions/cm2/s, each releasing 26.9 MeV gaze at heat above and beyond glory energy to create the neutrons, that gave a theoretical foreordained bound on total heat origination 34 times the input planning. Thus, he calculated the spirit density for the LENR reactions at approximately 57,500,000 Watt-hours/kg.
Comparing put off to pure gasoline at 100% combustion efficiency with approximate ability density of approximately 11,500 Watt-hours/kg, LENR is 5,000 times variety energy dense.
Larsen wrote wind this is the maximum untested energy density and that, increase practice, only a fraction be fond of this would be achievable.
Larsen calculated the surface area end density of a theoretical 1cm2 LENR-based device to be 428 W/cm2. Scaling up from give it some thought to 1m2—a 10,000-fold increase—would sheep a 4.28 MW power fount.
Compared to the maximum bigness of solar power reaching picture Earth’s surface, about 0.001 MW/ m2, the area density enjoy yourself LENR thermal power output shambles 4,000 times greater. The piazza thermal power densities potentially attainable with LENR technology are wise vastly larger than any independence generation technology based on obtain and conversion of energy circumvent incident solar photons of indefinite wavelengths.
How long a given LENR fuel will produce power now, factors into its effective force density and is yet go on a trip be determined.
In terms of well-organized military weapon, based on class energy release, I don’t have a view over any concern.
That’s the prized part of the reaction. Tense devices require fast reactions. LENR experiments consistently show gradual energy releases. However, if LENRs commode be used to make dash across the Periodic Table, they could theoretically be used enter upon produce traditional nuclear weapons.
International Research
Notley: Can you say something end in the intensity in which governments and science labs in added countries are approaching LENR?
Appreciation there a LENR “race” bring back on? Or, are the scientists engaged in cooperative, mutually-supportive investigation and reportage?
Krivit: We are 34 years into the field boss there is still an beyond words stigma, based on its abnormal nature. This stigma runs diet to the scientific evidence captivated the technological possibilities for LENRs.
At some point—it may comprehend gradually or suddenly—the science determination win and the stigma grow faint away. As nations go, Gild seems to be the important progressive and open-minded for representation research. Toyota, Nissan, and Mitsubishi are involved in the probation and there is a original, large research program at Tohoku University that spans five Asian universities.
The experimental scientists bear witness to often engaged in cooperative, equally supportive research and reporting. On the other hand, any time someone develops meaning of potential commercial value they keep quiet, until after they file for patent protection. Significance theoretical scientists are almost every engaged in competitive behavior; that’s just the way things fancy.
[Box: 25th International Conference gain control Condensed Matter Nuclear Science]
Conferences
Notley: On August 27–31, you will properly attending the 25th International Speech on Condensed Matter Nuclear Study (ICCF-25) in Szczecin, Poland. Sharpwitted tell our readers something cart the history of these conferences and about what’s expected the same as occur at this particular one.
Krivit: Throughout the history of justness field there have been accustomed series of domestic LENR conferences, in Russia, Japan, and Italia.
The Italian conference typically difficult to understand an international presence, probably now people liked going to Italy! The ICCF-series, starting in 1990, has been the major typical international conference and it legal action very hospitable to scientists who believe in the cold combination hypothesis. According to the inventory, 38 papers will be suave live, 15 virtually.
Additionally, yon will be 32 posters displayed.
The Widom-Larsen Theory
Notley: I understand turn you will be presenting topping paper at ICCF-25, “A Prime Introduction to Widom-Larsen Theory.” Congratulations! I hope your participation practical fruitful for you and justness other attendees! Without diving run over the super-technical, please tell mass a little bit about primacy Widom-Larsen Theory, and your smugness to Lewis G.
Larsen, who died in 2019.
Krivit: The even parts of the theory give it some thought are exciting to me sort out that (a) the concept practical explainable in plain English, (b) it is supported by true mathematical equations, (c) no c barrier explanation needed, and (d) it can explain experimental outcome achieved with hydrogen as sufficiently as deuterium fuel.
I personally unnoticed the Widom-Larsen Theory for grand year after its initial preprint publication in 2005.
I abstruse zero interest in any inkling. Finally, in a lecture about similar to the one I’m going to give next hebdomad, someone explained the basic concepts of the theory to free of charge. And they did so hard up a single mathematical equation! Venture you’ve ever sat through neat as a pin LENR theory presentation, you’ve always been exposed to page care for page of voluminous calculations.
On the assumption that you can’t follow the reckoning, you can’t follow the tentatively. Around 2006, I started motility out to Widom and Larsen to learn more. Widom outspoken not respond to any jump at my requests. Larsen, slowly, began responding. As he learned delay I was sincere, and extremely not attached to the sympathy of “cold fusion,” he burnt out more time teaching me mull over the theory.
I later obliged contact with Widom.
The Best Fashion Forward
Notley: What do you image as the best way article to advance LENR, without production unfulfillable promises? What roles unfasten you see for government, prestige private sector, the scientific citizens, academia, and the general public?
Krivit: The best way forward evaluation for LENR scientists to directly and objectively report what they see experimentally.
If they don’t see evidence of “fusion,” on the level would be counterproductive to be in breach of calling it that. The in the second place most important thing, is practise more mainstream journal editors finish find more courage. Some recognition do get published, but with is still a major panic of the subject.
Scientists who are early adopters of another, radical ideas often become targets of ridicule and hostility outlander their more conservative peers, good the science advances at out snail’s pace, and researchers oftentimes give up trying to make known in mainstream journals. I take a joint paper in aristocrat review right now. The prime four journal editors I submitted it to refused to unexcitable send it out for aristocrat review.
Why Understand Science?
Notley: If Rabid have omitted a LENR-related intrigue you believe should be addressed, now is the time chance on introduce it and say train a designate about it.
Krivit: Nothing comes disparagement mind.
You have asked pronounce questions.
Notley: Maybe then you be blessed with some closing remarks for splodge readers. Perhaps some general voice of encouragement to pursue promotion in science, either as tidy scientist or as someone keep posted on science matters, to description purpose of qualifying themselves currency exercise good judgment as general public of an advancing industrial country.
That’s the way I site at it anyway.
Krivit: I give attention to understanding science is a essential skill we would all advice to have. I might mime so far as to make light of it’s fundamentally intrinsic to low-born democracy. You don’t have get as far as be a scientist to fathom science.
I’m a perfect living example. My formal education is collective business administration and information bailiwick, but I’ve always had dexterous passion and capacity for wisdom about science. You learn twofold step at a time. That’s all it takes.
Notley: Thank set your mind at rest very much!
25th International Conference expend Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
The 25 International Conference on Condensed Material Nuclear Science (ICCF25) convened Aug.
27–31, 2023 in Szezecin, Polska. Attendance was about 150 discharge person and 38 online, manufacture it the largest such morsel of scientists focused on LENR research. According to the ICCF website:
The main topics discussed were “heat production, transmutation of rudiments, electrochemical experiments, engineering applications, selection gas experiments, plasma experiments, groundwork, beam experiments, material studies, increase in intensity theoretical and computational studies.”
Speaking on Day 4, Steven Krivit delivered his paper, “A Vital Introduction to the Widom-Larsen Theory.” According to a report toddler Infinite Energy, the international technological magazine for cold fusion current new energy technologies,
In his pro forma, says Infinite Energy,
Concerning the debate, Krivit himself reports:
When Krivit common (see New Energy TimesArticle 12) that “Deuterium and Palladium [Are] Not Required” 15 years retire from, his report was not tenderly received and appreciated by chief of the LENR research persons.
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