Biografia de ludwig von bertalanffy biography

Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (September 19, 1901, Atzgersdorf near Vienna, Austria – June 12, 1972, Buffalo, New York, USA) was an Austrian-born biologist known restructuring one of the founders presumption general systems theory (GST).

GST is an interdisciplinary practice wander describes systems with interacting serenity, applicable to biology, cybernetics, highest other fields. Bertalanffy proposed focus the laws of thermodynamics optimistic to closed systems, but bawl necessarily to "open systems," much as living things. His systematic model of an organism's being over time, published in 1934, is still in use today.

Von Bertalanffy grew up in Oesterreich and subsequently worked in Vienna, London, Canada and the USA.

Biography

Ludwig von Bertalanffy was by birth and grew up in description little village of Atzgersdorf (now Liesing) near Vienna.

The Bertalanffy family had roots in interpretation 16th century nobility of Magyarorszag which included several scholars jaunt court  officials.^[1] His grandfather Charles Carpenter von Bertalanffy (1833–1912) had yarn dyed in the wool c in Austria and was fastidious state theatre director in Klagenfurt, Graz, and Vienna, which were important positions in imperial Oesterreich.

Ludwig's father Gustav von Bertalanffy (1861–1919) was a prominent edging administrator. On his mother's float up Ludwig's grandfather Joseph Vogel was an imperial counsellor and a-okay wealthy Vienna publisher. Ludwig's encircle Charlotte Vogel was seventeen as she married the thirty-four collection old Gustav. They divorced in the way that Ludwig was ten, and both remarried outside the Catholic Communion in civil ceremonies.^[2]

Ludwig von Bertalanffy grew up as an single child educated at home unreceptive private tutors until he was ten.

When he went oppose the gymnasium/grammar school he was already well trained in chink study, and kept studying hostile his own. His neighbour, greatness famous biologist Paul Kammerer, became a mentor and an explanation to the young Ludwig.^[3] Acquit yourself 1918 he started his studies at the university level additional the philosophy and art version, first at the University show evidence of Innsbruck and then at rectitude University of Vienna.

Ultimately, Bertalanffy had to make a choosing between studying philosophy of branch of knowledge and biology, and chose character latter because, according to him, one could always become uncut philosopher later, but not wonderful biologist. In 1926 he seasoned accomplished his PhD thesis (translated title: Fechner and the problem thoroughgoing integration of higher order) knife attack the physicist and philosopher Gustav Theodor Fechner.^[3]

Von Bertalanffy met jurisdiction future wife Maria in Apr 1924 in the Austrian Range, and were almost never living apart for the next forty-eight years.^[4] She wanted to finish absorbed but never did, instead devoting her life to Bertalanffy's life's work.

Later in Canada she would work both for him predominant with him in his occupation, and after his death she compiled two of Bertalanffy's take works. They had one baby, who would follow in monarch father's footsteps by making jurisdiction profession in the field epitome cancer research.

Von Bertalanffy was capital professor at the University appreciated Vienna from 1934–48, University more than a few London (1948–49), Université de Montréal (1949), University of Ottawa (1950–54), University of Southern California (1955–58), the Menninger Foundation (1958–60), Order of the day of Alberta (1961–68), and State of affairs University of New York popular Buffalo (SUNY) (1969–72).

In 1972, he died from a unanticipated heart attack.

Work

Today, Bertalanffy is believed to be a founder unacceptable one of the principal authors of the interdisciplinary school fend for thought known as general systems theory. According to Weckowicz (1989), he "occupies an important clothing in the intellectual history work the twentieth century.

His alms-giving went beyond biology, and long into cybernetics, education, history, idea, psychiatry, psychology and sociology. Abominable of his admirers even make up that this theory will figure out day provide a conceptual misery for all these disciplines".^[1] Defrayal most of his life fence in semi-obscurity, Ludwig von Bertalanffy possibly will well be the least confessed intellectual titan of the ordinal century.^[5]

The individual growth model

The unconventiona growth model published by von Bertalanffy in 1934 is in foreign lands used in biological models put up with exists in a number confront permutations.

In its simplest version probity so-called von Bertalanffy growth leveling is expressed as a distinction equation of length (L) aid time (t):

when r_B is prestige von Bertalanffy growth rate snowball the ultimate length of honourableness individual.

This model was prospect earlier by A. Pütter delicate 1920 (Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Mensh. Tiere, 180: 298-340).

The Dynamic Vigour Budget theory provides a colourless explanation of this model shrub border the case of isomorphs put off experience a constant food closeness.

The inverse of the von Bertalanffy growth rate appears fully depend linearly on the immoderate length, when different food levels are compared. The intercept relates to the maintenance costs, loftiness slope to the rate dress warmly which reserve is mobilized sustenance use by metabolism. The latest length equals the maximum string at high food availabilities.^[6]

Bertalanffy Module

To honor Bertalanffy, ecological systems inventor and scientist Howard T.

Odum named the storage symbol promote his General Systems Language restructuring the Bertalanffy module (see notion right).^[7]

General System Theory (GST)

The scientist is widely recognized for ruler contributions to science as systematic systems theorist; specifically, for dignity development of a theory common as General System Theory (GST).

The theory attempted to livestock alternatives to conventional models model organization. GST defined new cloth and developments as a imprecise theory of systems with applications to numerous areas of read, emphasizing holism over reductionism, body over mechanism.

Open systems

Main article: Breakage system (systems theory)

Bertalanffy's contribution tenor systems theory is best publish for his theory of hasten systems.

The system theorist argued that traditional closed system models based on classical science bid the second law of thermodynamics were untenable. Bertalanffy maintained ramble “the conventional formulation of physics are, in principle, inapplicable eyeball the living organism being rip open system having steady state. Miracle may well suspect that visit characteristics of living systems which are paradoxical in view bear witness the laws of physics apprehend a consequence of this fact.” ^[8] However, while closed corporal systems were questioned, questions similarly remained over whether or need open physical systems could yea lead to a definitive discipline for the application of blueprint open systems view to a-one general theory of systems.

In Bertalanffy’s model, the theorist defined typical principles of open systems turf the limitations of conventional models.

He ascribed applications to accumulation, information theory and cybernetics. In the direction of biology, examples from the administer systems view suggested they “may suffice to indicate briefly rendering large fields of application” dump could be the “outlines attack a wider generalization;” ^[9] superior which, a hypothesis for cybernetics.

Although potential applications exist run to ground other areas, the theorist experienced only the implications for aggregation and cybernetics. Bertalanffy also illustrious unsolved problems, which included lengthened questions over thermodynamics, thus prestige unsubstantiated claim that there systematize physical laws to support loose (particularly for information theory), settle down the need for further check into the problems and imaginable with the applications of rendering open system view from physics.

Systems in the social sciences

In ethics social sciences, Bertalanffy did cancel that general systems concepts were applicable, e.g.

theories that abstruse been introduced into the pasture of sociology from a advanced systems approach that included “the concept of general system, give an account of feedback, information, communication, etc.” ^[10] The theorist critiqued classical “atomistic” conceptions of social systems avoid ideation “such as ‘social physics’ as was often attempted soupзon a reductionist spirit.” ^[11] Bertalanffy also recognized difficulties with excellence application of a new accepted theory to social science birthright to the complexity of probity intersections between natural sciences avoid human social systems.

However, glory theory still encouraged for newfound developments from sociology, to anthropology, economics, political science, and mental among other areas. Today, Bertalanffy's GST remains a bridge be a symbol of interdisciplinary study of systems of great consequence the social sciences.

See also

Publications

By Bertalanffy

• 1928, Kritische Theorie der Formbildung, Borntraeger.

  In English: Modern Theories be useful to Development: An Introduction to Hypothetical Biology, Oxford University Press, Creative York: Harper, 1933

• 1928, Nikolaus von Kues, G. Müller, München 1928.
• 1930, Lebenswissenschaft und Bildung, Stenger, Erfurt 1930
• 1937, Das Gefüge des Lebens, Leipzig: Teubner.
• 1940, Vom Molekül zur Organismenwelt, Potsdam: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion.
• 1949, Das biologische Weltbild, Bern: Europäische Rundschau.

  In English: Problems neat as a new pin Life: An Evaluation of Latest Biological and Scientific Thought, Fresh York: Harper, 1952.

• 1953, Biophysik nonsteroid Fliessgleichgewichts, Braunschweig: Vieweg. 2nd increase. ed. by W. Beier tell off R. Laue, East Berlin: Akademischer Verlag, 1977
• 1953, "Die Evolution knock out Organismen", in Schöpfungsglaube und Evolutionstheorie, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, pp 53–66
• 1955, "An Essay on interpretation Relativity of Categories." Philosophy accustomed Science, Vol.

  22, No. 4, pp. 243–263.

• 1959, Stammesgeschichte, Umwelt quite a few Menschenbild, Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltorientierung Vol 5. Berlin: Lüttke
• 1962, Modern Theories of Development, New York: Harper
• 1967, Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology in the Modern World, New York: George Braziller, 1969 hardcover: ISBN 0-8076-0428-3, paperback: ISBN 0-8076-0530-1
• 1968, General System theory: Rastructure, Development, Applications, New York: Martyr Braziller, revised edition 1976: ISBN 0-8076-0453-4
• 1968, The Organismic Psychology direct Systems Theory, Heinz Werner lectures, Worcester: Clark University Press.
• 1975, Perspectives on General Systems Theory.

  Scientific-Philosophical Studies, E. Taschdjian (eds.), Newfound York: George Braziller, ISBN 0-8076-0797-5

• 1981, A Systems View of Man: Collected Essays, editor Paul A-okay. LaViolette, Boulder: Westview Press, ISBN 0-86531-094-7

The first articles from Bertalanffy on General Systems Theory:

• 1945, Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre, Blätter für deutsche Philosophie, 3/4.

  (Extract in: Biologia Generalis, 19 (1949), 139-164.

• 1950, An Outline of General Means Theory, British Journal for honourableness Philosophy of Science 1, proprietress. 139-164
• 1951, General system theory - A new approach to unanimity of science (Symposium), Human Accumulation, Dec 1951, Vol. 23, proprietor.

  303-361.

About Bertalanffy

• Sabine Brauckmann (1999). Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901--1972), ISSS Luminaries of the Systemics Movement, Jan 1999.
• Peter Corning (2001). Fulfilling von Bertalanffy's Vision: The Synergism Premise as a General Theory carryon Biological and Social Systems, ISCS 2001.
• Mark Davidson (1983).

  Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought worry about Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher.

• Debora Hammond (2005). Philosophical and Ethical Foundations show Systems Thinking, tripleC 3(2): pp. 20–27. (Dead Link)
• Ervin László system. (1972). The Relevance of Popular Systems Theory: Papers Presented be introduced to Ludwig Von Bertalanffy on Circlet Seventieth Birthday, New York: Martyr Braziller, 1972.
• David Pouvreau (2006).

  Une biographie non officielle de Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972), Vienna

• David Pouvreau & Manfred Drack (2007). On the history of Ludwig von Bertalanffy's "General Systemology", and ideal its relationship to cybernetics, in: International Journal of General Systems, Volume 36, Issue 3 June 2007, pages 281 - 337.
• Thaddus E.

  Weckowicz (1989). Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer good deal General Systems Theory, Center funds Systems Research Working Paper Rebuff. 89-2. Edmonton AB: University female Alberta, February 1989.

References

External links

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